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Sensory: Perception, Attention, and Memory - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Episodic (events)
        
        Autobiographical
        
        Episodic future thinking
      - Semantic (general knowledge)
    - - Skills, procedures, habits
      - Priming
      - Other (e.g. classical conditioning, habituation)
  - - - New episodic memory
      - Episodic future thinking
    - - Procedural memory
    - - Vocab
  - - - Hippocampus matures
      - Explicit memory improves
  - - - Distributed, spread-out training more effective
      - Early memories are cue-dependent and context specific
    - - Demonstrate recall/deferred imitation over longer periods as they age
      - 16mo and 20mo
        
        Can store and retrieve events for 12mo after exposure
      - 2yo
        
        More flexible recall
        
        Less context and cue-bound
        
        Can use words to reconstruct events that happened mo earlier
  - - - Better coding
        
        Prefrontal cortex maturation
      - Better memory
        
        Hippocampus and temporal cortex maturation
        
        Frontal lobe development
    - - Deficiencies
        
        Mediation deficiency
        
        Production deficiency
        
        Utilisation deficiency
      - Encoding and retrieval strategies
    - - Metamemory
      - Metacognition
    - - Domain-general
      - Domain-specific
    - - Adult chess novices vs Child chess experts
    - - Childhood amnesia
        
        Limited space in WM- limited capacity
        
        Lack of language to describe
        
        Sociocultural support
        
        Sense of self
        
        Verbatim vs Gist storage
        
        Neurogenesis
- - - - Colour Vision
        
        3mo = can distinguish b/n diff colours and can divide them into hue
        
        Infants prefer contrast (go bright or go home)
        
        Ability to perceive colour is probably universal and innate
      - Pattern Perception
        
        Nativists vs Empiricists
        
        First 3mo --> babies slowly develop ability to see forms
        
        Infants pay more attention to...
        
        Light-dark transition/contour
        
        Movement
        
        Concentric (rather than non-concentric)
        
        Moderately complex stimuli
        
        Edges and contrast
      - Preferential-looking results
        
        Babies like looking at faces
        
        1mo
        
        Focus on ext facial features
        
        2mo
        
        Focus on int facial features
      - Depth Perception
        
        1 day of life
        
        Can perceive which objects are closer and farther
        
        Eyes don't work together (yet)
        
        4-5mo
        
        Coordination of both eyes = stereoscopic vision to perceive depth
        
        Visual Cliff
        
        Gibson & Walk (1960)
        
        6-14mo
        
        Approached mother while on shallow side
        
        Refused to cross to the deep side (even with encouragement)
        
        Campos et al. (1970)
        
        Focused on non-verbal communication
        
        Smiling/positive = more likely to cross
        
        Fearful/negative = less likely to cross
        
        Measured HR
        
        Young infants (couldn't crawl)- decreased HR when moved to deep
        
        Older infants- increased HR when moved to deep
    - - Hearing
        
        Loudness and Pitch
        
        Make it louder
        
        Distinguishing diff sounds
        
        High-frequency over low
        
        2mo- can distinguish among some types of musical sounds
        
        Locating Sounds
        
        May detect sound in space
        
        Recognising the voice?
        
        Neonates respond to (and maybe prefer) human voice over other sounds
        
        Newborn infants seem to be sensitive to maternal voice
      - Taste
        
        Distinguish sweet, bitter, and sour
        
        Prefer sweet
        
        Preferences responsive to learning
      - Smell
        
        Newborns- capable of detecting various odours
        
        Prefer their amniotic fluid over others
        
        Prefer human milk over formula
- - - - Adult-like orienting system
      - Immature focusing system
    - - Increase attention span
      - More selective attention
      - Better planning and execution of systematic strategies
- - - - Timed tasks
      - Unfamiliar/artificial/meaningless content
      - Recall tasks
      - Explicit memory tasks
  - - - Characteristics of learner
      - Task/situation
      - Broader context
    - - Declines in sensory abilities
      - Decreased WM capacity (slow neural transmission)