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Chemistry Science
By Bren, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
Chemistry Science
By Bren
Structure Of Atoms
Protons - A proton has a positive charge and the mass of the Proton is approximately equal to the mass of the neutron. It is in the nucleus.
Neutrons - Neutrons have a neutral electrical charge. In other words, they have no charge. The neutrons are located in the core or the nucleus of an atom. The neutron weighs the same as a proton.
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Subatomic Particles - There are three subatomic particles, protons, neutrons and electrons.
Reaction Types
Endothermic Reactions - Endothermic reactions pull heat into an object or area. Endothermic reactions include the evaporation of water, melting ice and photosynthesis.
Exothermic Reactions - Exothermic reactions expel heat from an area or object. Some exothermic reactions include the condensation of rain, candle flame and rusting of iron.
Photosynthesis - A process used by organisms, as well as plants, in order to convert light energy from the sun into stored chemical energy.
Respiration (Cellular Respiration) - Cellular respiration takes place in cells of animals, fungi, plants, algae and other organisms. It is a process in which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules in order to get chemical energy for cell functions and then release waste products.
Combustion - Combustion is the scientific word for burning. In a combustion reaction, substances react with oxygen which transfers energy to the surroundings as light and heat.
Reaction of Acids & Metals - Acids react with the majority of metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas. It is possible that metals that are more active than acids can undergo a single displacement reaction
Corrosion - Corrosion is the deterioration of metal(s) which is often caused by chemical reactions, mainly being oxidation. Corrosion occurs whenever metals get chemically attacked by a gas or liquid and is then accelerated by warm temperatures and acids by salt.
Redox - Redox is a type of chemical reaction, in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed. An oxidation-reduction, also known as redox, involves a transfer of electrons between two species. Everyday redox reactions include photosynthesis, respiration, combustion and corrosion.
Rusting - Rust occurs when iron or its alloys, such as steel, corrode. The surface of iron will corrode first, when there is a presence of oxygen and water.
Elements & Compounds
Element - An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing a single proton and a single electron. If you change the number of protons an atom has, you change the type of element it is. Elements are substances (like hydrogen and oxygen) that can't be split into simpler substances
Compound - A compound is two elements chemically combined, making a mixture. An example of a compound is water.
Atoms - An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that constitutes a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers.
Molecules - A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge.
Ion - An ion is an atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge. Since the charge of the electron is equal and opposite to that of the proton, the net charge of an ion is non-zero due to its total number of electrons being unequal to its total number of protons.
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Energy
Kinetic energy - Kinetic Energy is the energy that an object has because of its motion. This energy can be converted into other kinds, such as gravitational or electric potential energy.
Potential Energy - Potential energy is defined as mechanical energy, stored energy, or energy caused by its position. The energy that a ball has when perched at a top of a steep hill while it is about to roll down is an example of potential energy
Thermal Energy - Thermal energy (also called heat energy) is produced when a rise in temperature causes atoms and molecules to move faster and collide with each other. The energy that comes from the temperature of the heated substance is called thermal energy.
Chemical energy - Chemical Energy is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a chemical reaction to transform into other substances. Examples include batteries, food and gasoline.
Radiant Energy - Radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic waves. It is a form of energy that can travel through space. For example, we receive the heat from the sun, which is located very far from the earth via radiation.
Nuclear Energy - Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions
Elastic Energy - Elastic energy is the mechanical potential energy stored in the configuration of a material or physical system as it is subjected to elastic deformation by work performed upon it. Elastic energy occurs when objects are impermanently compressed, stretched or generally deformed in any manner.
Acids & Bases
Acids - A chemical term for sour materials that have a pH level below 7.0 (on a 14-point scale). Acids often are capable of eating away at some materials such as carbonate, or preventing their formation in the first place. Chemically, acids are known for having the ability to either donate a proton (hydrogen ion) to another compound or to accept a pair of electrons. The first is known as a Bronsted-Lowry Acid. Chemists refer to the second type as a Lewis acid.
Bases - A chemical that can accept protons from hydrogen molecules, or donate a pair of electrons. Basic solutions are also referred to as alkaline. Alkaline solution are also referred to as a basic - as in the opposite of acid - and have a pH above 7. Many bases are insoluble. However, if a base does dissolve in water, it is called alkali.
Universal Indicator - Universal indicator is a brown-coloured solution—containing a mixture of indicators—that can be added to any substance to determine its pH. Like all indicators, universal indicator changes colour in different pH environments. At low pH, it appears red, and at high pH, it appears blue or violet. At neutral pH, it appears green. Universal indicator can form a continuous spectrum of colours that give an approximate reading of the concentration of protons in a sample.
Red Litmus Paper - When red litmus paper is placed into a basic substance, it will turn blue. If it comes in contact with an acidic or neutral substance, it will remain red. Red litmus paper is meant to test only for an alkaline pH level. Common acids include include tartar sauce, corn, bacon and beer.
Blue Litmus Paper - When blue litmus paper is placed in a substance that is acidic, it will turn to red. However, if placed in a substance that is basic or neutral, it will remain blue. Blue litmus paper is meant to test only for an acidic pH level.
States Of Matter
Solids - A substance that retains its size and shape without a container; a substance whose molecules cannot move freely except to vibrate.
Liquid - A substance that flows and keeps no definite shape because its molecules are loosely packed and constantly moving. It takes the shape of its container but maintains constant volume.
Gas - A substance that can only be contained if it is fully surrounded by a container (or held together by gravitational pull); a substance whose molecules have negligible inter molecular interactions and can move freely.
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