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Science By Tharshen, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
Science
By Tharshen
States of Matter
Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma
Density
Density= Mass/Volume
Archimedes Principle
When you submerge a body in fluid, it loses weight equal to the weight of the amount of fluid it displaces.
First Calculate the mass of the object If you don't have an overflow can, take a measuring cylinder and feel it up with water. After filling the cylinder with water, drop the object in the measuring cylinder. Finally, minus the after liquid measurement with the original water placed in the cylinder. Divide the volume with the mass and that is the density.
If You Have an Overflow Can
First calculate the mass of the object. Fill the overflow can till it is filled up. Wait for the water above the can's hole to exit the can. Place your object in the overflow can and measure the amount of water that exits the can with a measuring cylinder. Finally, divide the volume with the mass and that is the density.
Object Mass (g) Volume (cm3) Density (g/cm3)
Copper Cube 147.61g 15.625cm3 9.44704 g/cm3
Brass Cube 135.97g 15.625cm3 8.70208 g/cm3
Steel Cube 127.54g 15.625cm3 8.16256 g/cm3
Aluminium Cube 45.81g 15.625cm3 2.93184 g/cm3
Oak Cube 10.8g 15.625cm3 0.6912 g/cm3
Polyvinyl Chloride Cube 21.29g 15.625cm3 1.36256 g/cm3
Nylon Cube 18.23g 15.625cm3 1.16672 g/cm3
Iron wood Cube 9.32g 15.625cm3 0.59648 g/cm3
Pine Cube 11.06g 15.625cm3 0.70784 g/cm3
Acrylic Cube 19.42g 15.625cm3 1.24288 g/cm3
Granite Rock 9.3 g 40cm3 2.3 g/cm3
Elements & Atoms
Definition of an Atom- Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter - both living and non-living things are created from atoms.
Definition of an element- Elements are created by atoms which has to be the same.
Elements are arranged in three way.
• Individual atoms- Single atoms of the same type can bond to form a molecule. One example of a single atom molecule is Oxygen.
• Molecules- Single atoms of the same type can bond together with a chemical bond to form a molecule which is larger.
First 20 Elements
Periodic Table:
Observing Elements
Characteristics of Metals
= Metals are excellent conductors of heat & electricity, Hard & Strong, Bendable, Pliable, Malleable, High Density, Solid & Shiny (Jewellery)
Characteristics of Non-Metals
= Poor conductors of Heat & Electricity, Brittle, Crumble>Powder.
2 more items...
Hydrogen/H/1
Helium/He/2
Lithium/Li/3
Beryllium/Be/4
Boron/B/5
Carbon/C/6
Nitrogen/N/7
Oxygen/O/8
Fluorine/F/9
Neon/Ne/10
Sodium/Na/11
Magnesium/Mg/12
Aluminium/Al/13
Silicon/Si/14
Phosphorous/P/15
Sulfur/S/16
Chlorine/Cl/17
Argon/Ar/18
Potassium/K/19
Calcium/Ca/20
Lattice
- A regular repeated three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a metal or other crystalline solid.
Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted to one or more different substances. In the reaction the atoms of the starting substances are rearranged, forming new substances that have different properties.
Energy
These are the two basic forms of energy. The different types of energy include thermal energy, radiant energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, electrical energy, motion energy, sound energy, elastic energy and gravitational energy.
Static Energy
The phenomenon of static electricity requires a separation of positive and negative charges. When two materials are in contact, electrons may move from one material to the other, which leaves an excess of positive charge on one material, and an equal negative charge on the other.
Corrosion
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically-stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually a metal) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment.
Endothermic & Exothermic
An endothermic process is any process which requires or absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat. It may be a chemical process, such as dissolving ammonium nitrate in water, or a physical process, such as the melting of ice cubes. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy through light or heat. It is the opposite of an endothermic reaction. Expressed in a chemical equation: reactants → products + energy. Exothermic Reaction means "exo" meaning releases and "thermic" means heat.
Acid & Bases
An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions. Now there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions in the solution. This kind of solution is acidic. A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions. When a base is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions shifts the opposite way.
Creating Universal Indicators
We boiled red cabbage with 170mL of water, with a beaker and a bunsen burner to create our own universal indicator.
Universal Indicator
To judge how strong a given acid or base is, a universal indicator is used, which is a mixture of several indicators.
Red & Blue Litmus Paper
Litmus paper is paper that has been treated with a specific indicator—a mixture of 10 to 15 natural dyes obtained from lichens (mainly Roccella tinctoria) that turns red in response to acidic conditions (pH 7). When the pH is neutral (pH = 7), then the dye is purple. This paper allows you to indicate if the solution is acidic or basic.
Combustion
Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
Balancing Chemical Equations
A balanced chemical equation occurs when the number of the different atoms of elements in the reactants side is equal to that of the products side. Balancing chemical equations is a process of trial and error.
Rust
Also called iron rust. the red or orange coating that forms on the surface of iron when exposed to air and moisture, consisting chiefly of ferric hydroxide and ferric oxide formed by oxidation. any film or coating on metal caused by oxidation. Also called rust fungus.
How to Calculate Rust
So the real way to measure corrosion is is to weigh the nail before you start; then after the rusting period you rub off all of the rust, let it dry, and weigh how much raw metal is left.
Lab Safety
Students must be made to wear safety goggles, lab coat, and shoes in the science laboratory. Loose clothes, sandals, and open hairs should be a strict NO in school science labs. Examine glassware before using. Do not use chipped or cracked test tubes or beakers.
