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:star:𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 & 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫…
:star:𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 & 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 :star:
.1
Thermoregulation
:
is the homeostatic mechanism by which animals
maintain
an internal temperature within an optional range despite variations in external temperature.
body temperature can come from internal metabolism/external environment.
-helps maintain body temperature within the range.
ENDOTHERMIC
ECTOTHERMIC
: organisms that use external sources to provide most of the heat for temperature regulation.
ex. reptiles, fishes , most invertebrates
: organisms that use their own heat generated metabolism by their own metabolism to main a steady body temperature.
ex. Humans, birds, mammals
Exchange of Heat occurs in 4 :tada: ways :
-animals always gain/lose heat
1.
Conduction
: :red_flag: the transfer of heat between object that are in direct contact with each other.
Radiation
: :red_flag: the emission of electromagnetic waves, which can transfer heat between objects that are not in direct contact.
Convection
: :red_flag: the transfer of heat by the movement of air/ liquid over a surface.
Evaporation
:red_flag: : the vaporization of molecules from the surface of a liquid
.2
5 categorie
s of :recycle:
Adaptations that help animals thermoregulate
:recycle:
METABOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION
Heat produced by all living cells/ metabolic heat, warms as animals counteracts the heat it loses to the environment through conduction, radiation,convection,and evaporation.
as cells do more work-> :fire:muscles contract more -> :fire: metabolic heat production increases.
INSULATION
Protection from heat , cold , noise
hairs/furs, feathers, fat ; it reduces the radiation of heat from an animal to its environment.
in aquatic environment, the transfer o heat is more rapidly than on air. Marine animals counteract by a thick layer of fat under their skin
CIRCULATORY ADOPTATION
circulatory system provide route for heat flow between the body core and the body surfaces.
heat loss can be altered by a change in the amount of blood flowing to the skin.
in birds, mammals, nerve signals causes surface blood vessels to construct/dilate depending on the external environment.
When the vessel surface are CONSTRICTED = less blood flows from the body core to the body surface, reducing the rate of heat loss through radiation.
When the vessel surface are DILATED; blood vessels increase the rate of heat loss.
Countercurrent heat exchange : a circulatory adaptation in which parallel vessels convey warm and cold blood in opposite directions, maximising heat transfer of blood.
warm and cold blood flow in opposite directions in two adjacent vessels.
EVAPORATE COOLING
occurs shen water absorbs heat from the body surface; as the water evaporates, it takes away large amounts of body heat ex.sweating - water evaporating from the skin->greatly increasing the ability of the body to lose heat.
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE
all animals control body temperature by adjusting their behaviour in response to the environment.
.3
:!:Penguing huddles together to spread warmth and heat across each other. As the number of penguins huddle increases the relative surface area of the huddle decreases.
The center of huddle is the warmest.
The periphery(edge) will be exposed to the surface a lot = cold
.4
OSMOREGULATION & EXCRETION
animals need to maintain a certain range of water and salts concentration in their bodies in order to survive.
Animals
maintain Water balance
in 2 ways :
OSMOCONFORMER
: organisms whose body fluids have a solute concentration equal to that of its surrounding.
ex. most marine invertebrates; jellies, molluscs, squids, sea
OSMOREGULATOR
: organism whose body fluids have a solute concentration different from that of its environment and that must use energy in controlling water loss/gain.
there internal solute concentration being independent from the external environment.
ex. freshwater & land-dwelling animals, many marine invertebrates.
OSMOREGULATION
: the homeostatic maintenance of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell/organism.
by this process animals control the concentrations of solute in their cells and bodies, and prevent the excessive uptake/loss of water.
.5
in osmoregulation,
waste
must be dissolved
in
water
to
be removed from the body.
EXCRETION
: animal dispose metabolic waste.
metabolism produces numerous of toxic by product.
nitrogenous waste -> results from breakdown of proteins and nucleic acid.
the type of waste's product produce and how it excretes depends on its habitat and evolution.
AMMONIA(NH3)
: small &very toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism.
highly soluble & diffuses rapidly across cell membranes
can be torelated only at low concentrations & must be transported in very dilute solutions.
some animal excrete ammonia through their body surface. , Most terrestrial animals cant tolerate at low concentrations , so they convert ammonia into less compounds.
disadvantage of making it into lesser compound -> animals must expend more energy.
UREA
: a soluble form of nitrogenous waste excreted by mammals and most adults amphibians.
produced in the liver of vertebrates by metabolic cycle that combines NH3 + CO2
advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste as Urea is "very low toxicity"
some animal can switch between urea and ammonia depending on its environmental condition.
URIC ACID
: an insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, birds, and some reptiles.
a relatively nontoxic nitrogenous waste, can be safely transported & stored in the body and released by urinary system.
mostly excreted as "semisolid paste"
in excreting uric acid , animal more energy than excreting urea.
.6
the urinary system plays major role in homeostasis. Its maintain processing centres of the urinary system are 2 kidneys.
tubules(small tubes) fills the kidneys ,provides a large surface area for the exchanging solutes, water, wastes.
kidneys extract filtrate(fluid) ,consisting of water, urea, and no. of valuable solutes.
kidneys process filtrate , by concentrating urea and recycling most of h2o and useful solutes to the blood.
URINE
: concentrated filtrate produced by the kidneys and excreted by the bladder. humans excreted < 1.5L of urine.
Filtration(vertebrate kidney
) : the extraction of h2o and small solutes, including metabolic wastes , from blood by the nephrons.
URETER
: A duster that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
URINARY BLADDER
: The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination.
URETHRA
: A duct that conveys urine from urinary bladder to the outside.
urine is expelled through urethra.
sphincter(rings of muscles) at the juncture of the bladder and urethra controls the flow of urine.
Kidneys has 2 Main regions.
OUTER
RENAL CORTEX
: the outer portion of the vertebrate kidney, above the renal medulla.
2.INNER
RENAL MEDULLA
: the inner portion of the vertebrate kidney, beneath the renal medulla.
each kidney contains > millions of
nephrons
NEPHRONS
: tubular excretory unite and associated blood vessels of the vertebrate kidney.
extract filtrate from blood & refine it into urine.
blood vessels + tubules are key to nephron functions.
Bowman's capsule
: a blood-filtering end of the nephron is a cup-shaped swelling, located in the kidney's cortex.
Collecting duct
: a tube in vertebrate kidney that concentrates urine while conveying it into the renal penis.
1 more item...
Blood enters the nephron from a branch of the renal artery and flows into glomerulus , the glomerulus + bowman's capsule make sup "blood-filtering unit" of the nephron. Follows by filtration where blood pressure forces h2o and solutes from the blood in the glomerular capillaries along the bowman's capsule -> into nephron tub =filtrate leaving plasma proteins behind the capillaries.
the filtrate forced to bowman's capsule flows into nephron tumult, where sis passed in 3 major sections of nephron.
1 more item...
REABSORPTION(vertebrate kidney): the reclaiming of h2o and valuable solutes from the filtrate, happens after filtration.
2 more items...
.7
kidney reclaim h2o from filtrate by moving solute
most of the absorption of substances occurs@ proximal tubule. These solutes are transported from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid, h2o flows by osmosis. about 65 % of h2o in the filtrate is reabsorped in the proximal tubule.
the loop of Henle carries the filtrate deep into the medulla & back to the cortex. H2o exits the filtrate because the solute concentration of the filtrates lower than that of the interstitial fluid in the medulla. aqua-porins are important in moving h2o out of the region of the nephron.He2o then moves into capillaries. If h2o was not promptly removed , it would dilute the inters tail fluid & destroy the gradient for h2o reabsorption.
h2o reabsorption stops after filtrate rounds the hairpin turn in the loop of Henle. Because call lack aqua-porins. NaCL movement is primary to maintain the high solute concentration in the intestinal fluid of medulla.
in distal tubule, h2o exits the filtrate by osmosis. NaCL and other molecules are aborbed form the filtrate.
final processing of the filtrate occurs as the collecting duct carries the filtrate through the medulla. A s the filtrate moves through collecting duct, more ho is absorbed before the final product -> urine passes into the renal pelvis. 99% of h2o form initial filtrate has been reabsorbed.
.8
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH
) : a hormone made by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary that promotes h2o retention by kidneys.
ADH binds to a receptor molecules on epithelial cells in collecting ducts of the kidney, leading to a a temporary increase in no. of aquaporin proteins in the plasma membrane. Aquaporin form h2o channels , the net effect is an increased reabsorption of h2o by the collecting duct.
greater absorption increases the amount of h2o returning to your blood and decreases the amount of h2o executed.
:warning:Dark urine = you are not drinking enough water.
if too much h2o intake, the solute concentration of body fluid becomes too dilute& falls below set point. Blood ADH drop & no. of aquaporin channel decreases .Causes the collecting duct cells to reabsorb less h2o from the filtrate-> dilute, watery urine.
.9
some functions of kidneys can be performed artificially.
DIALYSIS: separation and disposal of metabolic wastes from the blood by mechanical means, an artificial method of performing the functions of the kidneys that can be life sustaining in the event of kidney failure.
life sustaining for people with kidney failure. treatment is costly, time consuming.
kidney from a living compatible donor/ deceased organ donor can be transplanted into a person with kidney failure.
