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Hormones and the endocrine system - Coggle Diagram
Hormones and the endocrine system
Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions
endocrine system- a group of interacting glands and tissues that produce and secrete chemicals to initiate and maintain body functions.
hormones- chemical signals the endocrine system releases
endocrine glands- organs that makes and secretes hormones
target cells- cells that have receptors for a specific hormone
neurosecretory cells- specialized neurons that perform functions n both systems
Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanisms
Water-Soluble Hormones
Water- soluble hormones, which cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, bring about cellular changes without entering their target cells. The receptor proteins for most water- soluble hormones are embedded in the plasma membrane of target cells
Lipid-Soluble Hormones
Whereas water-suble hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane, lipid-soluble hormones pass through the phospholipid bilayer and bind to receptors inside the cell.
A widely used weed killer demasculinizes male frogs
endocrine disrupters- substances that interfere with the endocrine system's normal functions
The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands
Pineal gland Melatonin: Participates in regulation of biological rhythms
Thyroid gland Thyroid hormone: Stimulates and maintains metabolic processes Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium level
Parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Raises blood calcium level
Testes (in males) Androgens*: Support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristic
Ovaries (in females) Estrogens
: Stimulate uterine lining growth; promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics Progesterone
: Promotes uterine lining growth
Posterior pituitary-Oxytocin: Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Promotes retention of water by kidneys
Adrenal glands (atop kidneys) Adrenal medulla Epinephrine and norepinephrine: Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels
Adrenal cortex-Glucocorticoids: Raise blood glucose level Mineralocorticoids: Increase blood volume and blood pressure
Pancreas Insulin: Lowers blood glucose level Glucagon: Raises blood glucose level
The thyroid regulates development and metabolism
Thyroid gland- located in the neck, wrapping around the trachea, just under the larynx
Thyroid hormone performs several important homeostatic functions and stimulates metabolism in virtually all the tissues of the body
goiter- an enlargement of the thyroid
The gonads secrete sex hormones
gonads- sex gland, secrete sex hormones in addition to producing gametes
estrogens maintain the female reproductive system and promote the development of female features including breasts and wider hips
progesterone is primarily involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus to support an embryo.
androgens stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system; the main androgen is testosterone.
Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose level
pancreas- a gland with dual functions
secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
secretes two protein hormones
insulin
glucagon
antagonistic hormones because the effects of one oppose the effects of the other.
The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress
The endocrine system includes two adrenal glands, one sitting on top of each kidney. Each adrenal gland is actually made up of two glands fused together: a central portion called the adrenal medulla and an outer portion called the adrenal cortex. Both the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex secrete hormones that enable the body to respond to stress. The two glands differ, however, in the types of stress that trigger a response, in the kinds of hormones that are released, and in the targets of those hormones
two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).