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Exam 3, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), Haruka Nakajima,Dafne Romo-Curiel…

- - - - Heredity
        
        Character
        
        Trait (variance of character)
        
        Phenotype (observable traits)
        
        ABO Blood groups
        
        3 alleles in single gene
        
        1 more item...
        
        phenotype 1:1:1:1 ratio
        
        Recombinant frequency (% of recombinant offspring)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pedigree (chart of phenotypes)
        
        Mutant (Less common traits)
        
        Wild-type (most common traits)
        
        Law of independent assortment
        
        Pleiotropy
        
        Sickle Cell disease
        
        Polygenic Inheritance
        
        Linked genes
        
        Chromosomes
      - Genes
        
        Alleles
        
        Homozygous (same alleles)
        
        Heterozygous (different alleles)
        
        Dihybrid cross (2 heterozygous cross 2 characters)
        
        Monohybrid (heterozygous cross, 1 character)
        
        Dominant alleles (organism appearance)
        
        Dominant disorders
        
        Huntington's diesease
        
        deadly, nervous system affected
        
        Recessive alleles (presents no effect on appearance)
        
        Recessive disorders
        
        Carriers (heterozygotes)
        
        Law of segregation
        
        Single allele carried by egg or sperm
        
        Law of independent assortment
        
        one character does not affect other
        
        Genotype (genetic makeup}
        
        Test cross
        
        Mate between homozygous recessive and unknown genotype
    - - cross
        
        F1 generation (hybrid offspring)
    - - Hybrid offspring F1 generation
        
        Incomplete dominance
    - - Self fertilization
        
        F2 generation
        
        incomplete dominance
      - Complete dominance
  - - - Statistical principle
    - - Sum of probabilities
  - - - Fetal Testing
        
        Amniocentesis
        
        chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
    - - ultrasound imaging
    - - Life insurance , termination, preparation
  - - - segregation and independent assortment
    - - Loci
        
        Genetic map
        
        ordered list of loci along chromosome
        
        Linkage map
        
        based on recombinant frequencies
      - Sex chromosomes
        
        Y (Only males provide this)
        
        XY (male)
        
        X (female and male provide this)
        
        X-linked genes
        
        XX (female)
        
        Sex- linked gene
      - autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
  - - - Shows different possible combinations of gametes and resulting offspring
        
        F2 generation
- - - - G1
      - G2
      - S
      - M Phase
        
        mitosis
        
        prophase
        
        prometaphase
        
        Metaphase
        
        Anaphase
        
        1 more item...
        
        centrosome
        
        mitotic spindle
        
        cytokines
        
        cleavage furrow
        
        Daughter cells
        
        cleavage
        
        in animal cell
        
        in plant
        
        cell plate
    - - sexual reproduction
      - binary fission
      - chromosomes
        
        only one structure
      - getting duplicated
        
        chromatide
        
        sister chromatide
        
        centromere
        
        karytotype
        
        Structure of choromosomes
        
        deletion
        
        duplication
        
        inversion
        
        reciprocal translocation
      - environmental factors
        
        anchorage dependence
        
        density -dependent inhibition
        
        growth factors
        
        dell cycle control system
        
        growing out of control
        
        camcer
        
        tumor
        
        benign tumor
        
        malignant tumor
        
        metastasis
    - - one parent
      - clone
    - - cros
    - - Human body cell
      - Homologous chromosomes
        
        crossing over
      - locus
      - sex chromosome
        
        autosomes
    - - pair fail to separate
    - - Down syndrome
- - - - make own organic molecules
      - Plants, Bacteria, Algea
    - - can't make own organic molecules
      - Humans
    - - use energy to feed themselves
    - - Plants
        
        Leaf
        
        Mesophyll
        
        inner tissue cell of a leaf
        
        contains chloroplast; organelle that makes photosynthesis
        
        Stomata
        
        Pores
        
        Open and closes when needed to receive gas exchange
        
        Chloroplasts
        
        makes photosynthesis
        
        multiples inside the cell
        
        Stroma
        
        jelly fluid
        
        Thylakoid
        
        stacked up disks
        
        Grana
        
        multiple stacks
        
        Thylakoid Space
        
        between disks
        
        Thylakoid structure makes a lot of energy function
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        inner membrane
        
        holds pigment molecules
        
        absorbs light energy as a molecule
        
        catches light with excited electrons
    - - Reactants
        
        Light energy + 6 CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6 H2O (Water)
      - Product
        
        C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2 (Oxygen)
    - - Stage 1: Light Reactions
        
        require sunlight to power
        
        happens inside the thylakoids
        
        produces ATP + NADPH
      - Stage 2: Calvin Cycle
        
        makes glucose
        
        light is an input and an output
        
        inside the stroma
        
        carbon fixation
        
        takes inorganic carbon and turns it into organic carbon (sugar)
        
        4 steps
        
        Carbon fixation
        
        inorganic into organic molecules
        
        Reduction
        
        add excited electrons
        
        Release of G3P
        
        Half a carbon; help to make glucose
        
        Regeneration fo RuBP
        
        Remakes RuBP to start process again
        
        Enzyme
        
        Rubisco; takes the CO2 and rearranges it to RuBP
        
        C3 Plant
        
        carbon fixation of 3 carbons
        
        Photorespiration
        
        loses water through stromata (pores)
        
        Stromata closes to stop losing water
        
        Ex: Wheat, Rice, Peas
        
        Rubisco takes O2 instead of CO2 and continues calvin cycle
        
        C4 Plant
        
        carbon fixation of 4 carbons
        
        do this by spatial separation with bundle-sheath cells
        
        loses more ATP, loses less water
        
        Ex: Sugar Cane and Corn
        
        CAM Plant
        
        use time to separate their carbon
        
        do this by temporal separation
        
        lose less water
        
        night time: open stomata and let CO2 in
        
        day time: closes stomata and starts calvin cycle
        
        Ex: Pineapple and Cactus
    - - electromagnetic spectrum
        
        Wavelength
        
        Gamma Ray
        
        Shorter/faster waves
        
        more energy
        
        could cause harm to human
        
        Radio Wave
        
        longer/slower waves
        
        less energy
        
        no harm to human
        
        Photon
        
        particle of light with amount of energy
        
        described by that wavelength photon
        
        whatever color you see , is the spectrum color is lacks on
    - - catches and concentrates a signal
      - light-harvesting complex
        
        catches sunlight energy
      - reaction-center complex
        
        has a chlorophyll that will take electrons and pass it on
      - has 2 PS
        
        goes through PS II first. produces ATP and moves the electrons into PS I.
        
        Photon helps electrons get through PS I and put electrons on NADPH
        
        NADP+ is reduced into NADPH when carrying electron to ATP Synthase
        
        has Hydrogen Ions moving against gradients (Chemiosmosis)
        
        excites electrons to make energy
        
        photophosphorylation
        
        makes ATP from ADP
    - - keeps earth at a regulated temperature
      - observed and measured
      - receives solar radiation from the sun to warm the planet up. radiation bounces back up into space and releases a heat.
      - Could Affects Climate Change
        
        could variey the amount of rain or sun in different parts of the world, (when and where)
        
        temperature in the world could get really hot or really cold
        
        could fix this by using bio fuels instead of fossil fuels