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CRITICAL THINKING, mencakup kemampuan dalam aspek, meliputi kemampuan…

- - - - vocabulary
      - background knowledge
      - comprehension monitoring
      - working memory capacity
  - - - knowledge
      - regulasi diri
      - cognitive agility
      - Penerapannya pada
        
        Problem Solving
        
        Decision Making
        
        Tactical Skills
  - - - Religious Self-Regulation
      - Background knowledge
      - Truth Seeking
      - Penerapan Saat
        
        Melakukan judgment pada issue yang berkaitan dengan gender equity
      - Fair-minded
      - Open-minded
- - - - Interpretation
      - Analysis
      - Inference
      - Explanation
      - Evaluation
      - Self-Regulation
    - - Judge the acceptability, especially the credibility of claims
      - Evaluate arguments of different kinds
        Analyse, evaluate and produce explanations
      - Analyse, evaluate and make decisions
      - identify the elements in a reasoned case (reasons & conclusions)
      - Draw inferences
      - Produce arguments
      - Identify and evaluate assumptions
        Clarify and interpret expressions and ideas
    - - Lower Level Thinking Skills
        
        Reasoning verbally
        
        Inference making
        
        Evaluating arguments
        
        Problem solving
      - Higher Level Thinking Skills
        
        Synthesizing claims
        
        Predicting
        
        Analyzing claims
      - Thinking about Thinking
        
        Metacognition
        
        Self-regulation
      - Complex Thinking Skills
        
        Identifying assumptions
        
        Asking questions for clarification
        
        Interpreting
  - - - To clarify and seek understanding
      - To be planful and strategic
      - To be intellectually careful
      - To seek and evaluate reasons
      - To be metacognitive
      - To be broad and adventurous
      - Toward sustained intellectual curiosity
    - - Open minddness
      - Analiticity
      - Cognitive maturity
      - Truth seeking
      - Systematicity
      - Inquisitiveness
      - Self confidence
    - - Relation to world
        
        inquisitiveness
        
        seeing both sides of an issue
        
        interest
      - Other
        
        mindfulness
        
        critical spiritedness
      - Relation to others
        
        respect for alternative viewpoints
        
        open-mindedness
        
        fair-mindedness
        
        appreciation of individual differences
        
        skepticism
      - Relation to self
        
        desire to be well-informed
        
        willingness to seek or be guided by reason,
        
        tentativeness
        
        tolerance of ambiguity
        
        intellectual humility, intellectual courage
        
        integrity
        
        emphaty
        
        perseverance
        
        holding ethical standards
- - - - Cognitive-stage theory
        
        dicetuskan oleh
        
        Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
        
        Dasar Teori
        
        Genetic epistemology
        
        Biological Approach
        
        Structuralism
        
        Stage approach
        
        0-2 years (sensory motor)
        
        2-7 years (preoperational)
        
        7-11 years (concrete operational)
        
        11-15 years (formal operational)
        
        Mekanisme pembentukan skema
        
        skema
        
        new info
        
        disequilibrium
        
        adaptation
        
        Accommodation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Assimilation
        
        1 more item...
      - Vygotsky: Sociocultural theory
        
        child in activity in context
        
        mind inherently social
        
        path fr object to child 7 vice versa THROUGH ANOTHER PERSON
        
        ZPD
        
        learning process: interaction of novice & master
        
        tools & knowledge appropriate to solve problem from master
        
        scafoliding (Brunner)
        
        intermental construct the intramental
        
        internalization
        
        intelllectual functioning is mediated by tools provided by a culture
        
        peers & adults asssist
        
        psy tools
        
        language, counting, writing, art, learning system, etc
        
        technical tools
        
        computer, calculators, mechine, etc
        
        elementary to higher mental function
      - IPT
        
        Information Processing
        
        Stimulus
        
        sensory memory
        
        forgotten
        
        working memory (7-9 chunks, 5 to 15 seconds)
        
        forgotten
        
        long-term memory
        
        1 more item...
        
        executive function
        
        dasar teori
        
        tidak ada grand theory
        
        pandemonium
        
        connectionism
    - - flexibility
      - openness
      - focus attention
      - kemampuan kognitif
        
        untuk beradaptasi menghadapi perubahan