Topical organisation schemes, such as those used in textbooks, organise information by topic.
• Task-oriented organisation schemes, such as those used in the menu bars of software applications, organise information by processes, functions and tasks.
• Audience-specific organisation schemes organise information according to the interests of particular audiences. For example, a university website might organise its content according to the interests of potential students, current students and staff.
• Metaphor-driven organisation schemes organise information by relating it to familiar metaphors. For example, the Windows and Macintosh operating systems help users to operate their computer through a desktop metaphor comprised of files, folders and a trash can or recycle bin