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Earth Science: Phenomena - Coggle Diagram
Earth Science: Phenomena
Volcanoes
Composite volcanoes.
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Highly viscous lava, and explosive eruptions.
Examples: Mt Fuji, Mt St Helens
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Shield volcanoes.
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They generally have less viscous lava; allowing the lava to flow easily to the sides of the volcano. Eruptions are not explosive.
Includes: Mt. Kilauea, Mt. Washington
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Lahars
A landslide of mud, water, and volcanic materials down the side of a volcano. As the lahar travels, it picks up more materials and gains size and speed.
Cold lahars are caused by an excess of rain. The rain builds up and starts to roll downhill, carrying volcanic debri with it.
Warm lahars are caused by volcanic heat melting snow and ice. The snow and ice start to slide downhill, picking up volcanic debri and mud.
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Tectonic Plate Movement
Divergent Boundary
Two tectonic plates divide, creating an area of seafloor spreading.
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Creates new crust, either oceanic or continental.
Convergent Boundary
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Creates trenches, mountains, and some volcanoes.
Transform Boundary
Tectonic plates rub against each other, sliding opposite directions.
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The movement of tectonic plates is created by convection currents in the mantle. With the movement of the magma underneath the plates, these parts of the crust tend to bump and rub against each other.
Fossils
Mold fossils are formed with acids dissolve bone, teeth, or shell, which leaves an imprint in the rock.
Cast Fossils are fossils that form when sand or mud fill a cavity in the rock. The cavity mold the materials, which harden over time into a replica of the original organism.
The age of a fossil can be determined through two processes; radiometric dating and the relative age.
Relative age is the age of the fossil based on the rock layers above and below it. The farther down a fossil is, the old it is. This is stated through the Law of Superposition.
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Index fossils are fossils that belong to a species that lived in a large radius of land, but died out in a short period of time.
Paleontologists find these fossils especially helpful, as they help to identify the relative age of certain rock layers.
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