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GRAMMAR AND SEMANTICS - Coggle Diagram
GRAMMAR AND SEMANTICS
GENDER
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The different classes of noun are grammatically important because which class a noun belongs to determines which case suffixes it takes and which case suffixes any modifying adjectives take
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There is a major split between animate and inanimate nouns, linked to the use of it as opposed to he and she
The animate nouns split into male and female, which governs the use of he as opposed to she.
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MOOD
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Subjunctive mood
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examples
If I were in such difficulties,
I would take to my bed.
If this be true, the plan should be abandoned.
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CASE
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Verb–noun relationships are also signalled by word order and prepositions, and the term ‘case’ has been extended to these devices
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TENSE
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Reference to future time is often achieved by means of a verb such as will or go combined with another verb, whereas speakers refer to present and past time by means of a single verb.
We talk of future events in terms of intentions and obligations because future time, unlike past and present time, cannot be inspected.
ASPECT
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Activities, achievements, and accomplishments
Activity verbs: denotes situation that are seen as going on in the same kind of way over a period of time and as having built-in boundary.
Achievements often have to do with the beginning or end of an event and are conceived of as having duration. They might be describe as being all boundary
Accomplishments also have a built-in boundary are called accomplishments. Accomplishments related to situation with 2 components, an activity phase and then a closing a phase.
VOICE
The Middle
The middle construction allows speakers to present the non-agent participant as central and as controlling the situation.
e.g. The door won’t unlock. "the door" is presented as controlling the actions of the other participants by its refusal to unlock.
The Passive
Speakers use active clauses to present Agents and Patients as central and passive clauses to exclude Agents
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THE ENGLISH PERFECT
4 major uses
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experiential/indefinite
anterior e.g. Have you ever travel through time? / Yes, I have done that.