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Culture and Development, Interaction between parents’ responses and infant…

- - - - Culture related practices
        
        Childcare practices
        
        Medical treatment
        
        Religious practices
      - The mother's diet
        
        Type of food consumed
        
        Food high in nutrients
        
        Healthy diet
        
        Veganism
        
        Gluten-free diet
    - - Specific environmental demands
        
        Altitudes
        
        Poverty
      - The type of temperament style valued in each culture
  - - - Temperament is a biologically based style of interacting
        with the world that exists from birth.
        
        SLOW-TO-WARM-UP
        
        DIFFICUT
        
        EASY
  - - - Navajo & Chinese American MORE calmer & placid than Caucasian American
    - - maternal blood pressure & infant irritability
    - - Undernourished Nepalese infants
        MORE alert & better motor performance compare U.S.infants
    - - Puerto Rican babies were alert and didnot cry easily. The African American babies scored higher on motor abilities
- - - - Insecure Attachment
        
        -Ambivalent
        
        -Avoidant
      - Major Contributions to Psychology
      - Secure Attachment
      - Ainsworth elaborated on Bowlby's research on attachment and developed an approach to observing a child's attachment to a caregiver.
    - - Culture may differ in the concept of "ideal"
        
        German mothers value & promote early independence and see the “securely” attached child as spoiled
        
        Children raised in traditional Japanese families are also characterised by a high rate of anxious ambivalent attachment
      - Describe the attachment relationship as“adaptive”or “maladaptive” instead of “secure”&“insecure”
      - Securely attached infants can say as the ideal cross-culture.
      - U.S.
        
        secure attachment is assumed to be the ideal
      - Specific attachment behaviours exhibited by the infant that indicate secure or insecure attachment
    - - In Israel,higher % of ambivalent has been found
      - In Mali, NO avoidant infants were found in a sample of its Dogon people.
  - - - Smiling
        
        Elicit physical attachment behaviors on the part of the mother
      - Cooing
    - - Greater chance of survival for infants if they remained closer to the mother for comfort and protection
  - - - Change securely-adaptive
      - insecurely- maladaptive
      - thus, are to consideration the most suitable attachment with the particular culture
        
        Adaptive attachment = promote the maximum level of safety within a specific cultural context
    - - Securely attechment are closely iassociated with the ideal child in China, Colombia, Germany, Japan and teh U.S
      - individualism and collectivism culture may have similar views on
        the importance of secure attachment.
    - - German mother= securely attached are spoiled
      - Japanese traditional parents=anxious ambivalent attachment,
        with practically no avoidant types
      - US=Secure attechment is ideal
    - - Certain attachment behaviors shown by the infant may differ in different cultures
- - - - Caucasian Americans view morality as a matter of personal choice
      - Hindu-Indians have a tendency to view interpersonal responsibilities as a moral duty
      - Algerians' belief in God and His supreme authority is what causes them to have moral conflict
  - - - Involves conformity to rules that are defined by others’ approval or society’s rules.
    - - Involves moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience.
    - - Involves compliance with rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards.