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Culture and Development, Interaction between parents’ responses and infant…
Culture and Development
Culture and Temperament
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Cross-Cultural Research
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Children's behaviour can be different depending one the culture they are being raised in (Chinese infants are typically more calmer than American/Western infants)
Chinese infants LESS active, irritable & vocal than American & Irish infants
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Differences health of mothers during pregnancy, result different temperament of infants
Puerto Rican babies were alert and didnot cry easily. The African American babies scored higher on motor abilities
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Attach Theories
Ainsworth's Attachment
Secure Attachment: babies become distressed when their mother leaves but are easily comforted by her when she returns.
Ambivalent: distress when their mother leaves but when she returns babies send mixed signals ( wantna be comforted & hard to comfort them)
Avoidant: NO distressed when their mother leaves and when mother return here, they avoid being reunited with their mother & focus their attention somewhere else.
Mary Ainsworth’s(1967,1977) Canadian
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Ainsworth elaborated on Bowlby's research on attachment and developed an approach to observing a child's attachment to a caregiver.
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Cultural Differences
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thus, are to consideration the most suitable attachment with the particular culture
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Japanese traditional parents=anxious ambivalent attachment,
with practically no avoidant types
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Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment has played an important role in our understanding of child development
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Mothers of securely attached infants are described as sensitive,warm,and more positive in their emotional expression.
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Adaptive attachment–relationships that promote the maximum level of safety for the child within a specific cultural context
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Maladaptive attachment : not providing appropriate adjustment to the environment of safety for the child &Child challenges and stresses of daily life which form anxiety &avoidance
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China,Colombia,Germany,Israel,Japan & U.S. The dimensions in cultures of individualism & collectivism, there may be similar views on the importance of secure attachment