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70 y/o 女性
主訴 : 吐血
解黑便
頭暈 - Coggle Diagram
70 y/o 女性
主訴 : 吐血
解黑便
頭暈
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Use of: NSAIDs, aspirin, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents
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Platelet count (PH if <50,000 / microL)
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Coagulation studies (PT with INR, FFP if the INR is >2)
Obtain Hb, hemoglobin concentration (請注意，急性嚴重出血可能無法準確測量)
Liver enzymes (AST, ALT), albumin
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Passing melena/tarry stool (stool may be frankly bloody or maroon with massive or brisk upper GI bleeding)
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Significant abdominal tenderness accompanied by signs of peritoneal irritation (eg, involuntary guarding) suggests perforation
Severe include orthostatic dizziness, confusion, angina, severe palpitations, and cold/clammy extremities.