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ELECTRICAL BUILDING SERVICES, solar-energy-companies, hydro, wind,…
ELECTRICAL BUILDING SERVICES
ELECTRICITY
:fountain_pen: Secondary energu source
:fountain_pen: Comes from conversion of energy
-coal, natural gas, oil, wood, nuclear power
:fountain_pen: Energy sources used to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable
:fountain_pen: As a carrier of energy rather that as a energy source
GENERAL CONCEPT
:fountain_pen: Large-scale of electric generators (plants) >>> transformers
-increase the electricity's voltage/ potential energy
-enabling it to be sent via transmission lines over long distances
:fountain_pen: Transmission line
-carry electricity >>> substations
-the low-voltage electricity is carried out on distribution lines to consumers
POWER GENERATION
:fountain_pen: A power generation plant is a facility designed to produce electric energy from another form of energy
:fountain_pen: Thermal Energy generated from
-Fossil Fuels (Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas)
-Solar Thermal Energy
-Geothermal Energy
-Nuclear Energy
:fountain_pen: Potential energy from failing water in a hydroelectric facility
:fountain_pen: Wind Energy
:fountain_pen: Solar electric from solar cells
:fountain_pen: Chemical Energy
(Fuel Cells, Batteries)
SUBSTATION
:fountain_pen: Is a high-voltage electric system facility
:fountain_pen: Switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of system
:fountain_pen: Change AC voltages from one level to another, and AC >>> DC / DC >>> AC
FUNCTION OF SUBSTATION
:fountain_pen: Change voltage from one level to another
:fountain_pen: Regulate voltage to compensate for system voltage changes
:fountain_pen: Switch transmission & distribution circuits into and out of the grid system
:fountain_pen: Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuit
:fountain_pen: Connect communication signals to circuits
:fountain_pen: Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the system
:fountain_pen: Make interconnections between the electric system of more than one utility
:fountain_pen: Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and flow of reactive kilovolt-amperes in the circuit
TYPES OF SUBSTATION
:fountain_pen: Step-Up Transmission Substation
:fountain_pen: Step-Down Transmission Substation
:fountain_pen: Distribution Substation
:fountain_pen: Underground Distribution Substation
TRANSMISSION LINES
:fountain_pen: Transmission lines carry electric energy from one to another in an electric power system
:fountain_pen: Carry AC/ DC/ combination of both
:fountain_pen: Transmission Lines---High Voltage
:fountain_pen: Distribution Lines---Low Voltage
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES
:fountain_pen: Overhead Transmission Lines
:fountain_pen: Underground Transmission Lines
:fountain_pen: Subtransmission Lines
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
:fountain_pen: Originated at a distribution substation and includes the lines, poles, transformers and other equipment needed to deliver electric power to the customer at the required voltage
:fountain_pen: Consist of all the facilities and equipment connecting a transmission system to the customer's equipment
WIRING SYSTEM
:pencil2: Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity and associated devices
WIRE SIZE
:pencil2: IEC 60228
-International Electrotechnical Commission's international standard on conductors of insulated cables
COLOUR CODE
:pencil2: Enable wires to be easily & safely identified all common wiring safety code mandate a colour scheme for the insulation on power conductors
:pencil2: Many local rules & exceptions exist
:pencil2: Older installations vary in colour codes
:pencil2: Colours may shift with heat and age of insulation
WIRING METHOD
:pencil2: Materials for wiring interior electrical system depend on
-intended use & amount of power demand on circuit
-Type of occupancy & size of building
-National & local regulations
-Environment in which the wiring must operate
SINGLE FAMILY HOME/ DUPLEX
:pencil2: With relatively low power requirements
:pencil2: infrequent changes to the building structure and layout
:pencil2: usually with dry, moderate temperature, non-corrosive environmental conditions
LIGHT COMMERCIAL
:pencil2: More frequent wiring changes can be expected
:pencil2: Install large apparatus
:pencil2: Apply special conditions of heat or moisture
HEAVY INDUSTRIES
:pencil2: More demanding wiring requirement
-Large currents & higher voltage
-Frequent changes of equipment layout
-Corrosive
-Wet/ Explosive Atmosphere
METHODS OF WIRING
:pencil2: Cable Laid Underground
-Use armoured cable for mains & submains
:pencil2: Mineral-Insulated Cables
-Use earthing screw gland, universal ring type gland
:pencil2: Conduit System
:pencil2: All-insulated Sheathed Cables
:pencil2: Prefabricated Wiring System
CONDUIT SYSTEM
:pencil2: A metal or non-metallic tube into which PVC insulated cables are drawn
:pencil2: Function
-To provide mechanical protection of the cables
-Permit rewiring
-Provide earth conductor (If conduit is metal)
PREFABRICATED WIRING SYSTEM
:pencil2: System enable the electrical installation for a house to be prefabricated in a factory and packed in kit form for delivery to the site
:pencil2: Reduce site labour
-Since the kits are factory assembled to the highest standards the installation of automatically of a high standard
ALL-INSULATED SHEATHED CABLES
:pencil2: PVC sheathed cable is generally manufactured with one, two, three copper conductors insulated with PVC
:pencil2: Earth wire may be either insulated or unconcealed within the structure
:pencil2: Generally unaffected by water, acids, oils, moist soils
:pencil2: If cable buried in the plaster a metal channel should be used to protect the cable and allow for rewiring
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IN HOME
HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS
INCANDESCENT LAMPS
HALOGEN
FLUORESCENT LAMPS & TUBES
