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Natural hazards - Coggle Diagram
Natural hazards
plate boundaries
At a constructive plate margin the plates move apart from one another. When this happens the magma from the mantle rises up to make (or construct) new land in the form of a shield volcano. The movement of the plates over the mantle can cause earthquakes.
At a conservative plate margin, the plates move past each other or are side by side moving at different speeds. As the plates move, friction occurs and plates become stuck. Pressure builds up because the plates are still trying to move. When the pressure is released, it sends out huge amounts of energy, causing an earthquake. The earthquakes at a conservative plate boundary can be very destructive as they occur close to the Earth's surface. There are no volcanoes at a conservative plate margin.
Destuctive - One continental plate and one oceanic plate colide . The place where they colide is called the subduction zone The oceanic plate is subducted because it is denser and heavier. Ocean trench is formed . Earthquakes and fold mountains occur
risk management (3p's)
Protection
Buildings made from brick or with no reinforcement collapse more eaisly during a natural hazard. Designed buildings and strenening road provide protection. This is mitagation.
In LIC's , often cheap shacks are built so that they can be easily rebuilt after the natural hazard occurs.
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planning
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Emergency aid , food water and medicine are prepared and distributed
Types
climatic hazards
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tropical storms
Case study - Hayian
Typhoon Haiyan was a tropical storm that affected the Philippines in South East Asia in November 2013
impacts
Major rice, corn and sugar-producing areas for the Philippines were destroyed affecting the country's international trade and farmers' incomes.
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More than 7,000 people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan.
1.9 million people were left homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced.
Major roads were blocked by trees, and were impassable.
The city of Tacloban's airport was severely damaged, affecting business and tourism.
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Responses
The UK government provided food, shelter, clean water, medicine and other supplies for up to 800,000 victims.
The United Nations launched an international aid appeal in December 2013 for £480m to finance the humanitarian relief effort for 2014.
Several charities provided emergency aid such as water, food and shelter. In the longer term, they are helping people get their livelihoods back, for example by repairing fishing boats or distributing rice seeds.
The Philippines formally declared 'A State of National Calamity' and asked for international help, one day after Typhoon Haiyan hit the country.
Over 750,000 residents where sucessfully evacuated
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Tectonic hazards
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Earthquakes
Gorka case study
.On 25 April 2015 a 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal . The earthquake occurred on a convergent collision plate boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The focus was only eight kilometres deep and the epicentre was just 60 kilometres north-west from the capital Kathmandu.
Response
The UK offered help and support. Over 100 search and rescue responders, medical experts, and disaster and rescue experts were sent together with three Chinook helicopters for use by the Nepali government.
In the long term - The Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided a $3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to $200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.
. The UK gave £73 million, of which £23 million was donated by the government and £50 million was donated by the public.
international aid was provided by India and China who in total committed over $1 billion to help support Nepal.
Impacts
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The United States Geological Survey (USGS) initially estimated economic losses at nine per cent to 50 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP), with a best guess of 35 per cent.
Short term loss of tourist revenue, a major industry in Nepal.
The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing approximately 20 people. Estimates put the number of trekkers and climbers at Base Camp at the time of the quake at up to 1000.
Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at the Changu Narayan Temple and the Dharahara Tower.
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