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Epidemiology and Biostatics, evaluation of diagnostic test, Quantifying…
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Quantifying test
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a:disease+,risk+; b:disease-, risk+; c:disease+, risk-; d:disease-, risk-
statistical hypothesis
outcome
correct result
stating that there is an effect or difference when one exist, or stating that there is no deffect or difference when none exists
incorrect result
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type 2 error
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↓β by: ↑sample size, expected effect size, precision of measurement
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confidence interval
95% is often used (95%→Z=1.96, 99%→Z=2.58
if mean of variable include 0, or odds ratio or relative risk include 1, H₀ is not rejected
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observative study
cohort study: compare group with exposure or risk factor to group without
can be prospective or retrospective
relative risk (RR)
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twin concordance study: compare the frequency with which monozygotic twin vs dizygotic twin develop same disease
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case-control study (症例対象研究): compare people with disease and without disease
odds=p/(1-p), odds ratio (OR)={p/(1-p)}/{q/(1-q)}
Clinical study
phase1
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safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics
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phase2
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treatment efficacy, optimal dosing and adverse effect
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statistical distribution
normal distribution: Gaussian, bell-shaped, mean=mode=median
nonnormal distribution
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bimodal(二峰性): eg. Hodgikin lymphoma, suicide
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measure of dispersion
standard deviation(標準偏差): how much variability exists, around mean
standard error: an estimate of how much variability exists in a set of sample means around the true population mean
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bias and study error
performing
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measurement bias
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strategy: objective, standardized, previously tested method, use placebo
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interpreting bias
confounding bias
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strategy: multiple or repeated study, cross order study
not on causal pathway, it distort effect
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recruiting
selective bias
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strategy: randomization, ensure the choice of the right comparison/ reference group
precision vs accuracy
precision(reliability)
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↑→↓standard deviation,↑statistical power
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