Digestive & Urinary Systems Hayle Moran P2
Major functions of urinary and digestive systems
Urinary System
Produces hormones. Renin; regulates BP and kidney function. Erythropoiietin; produces red blood cells
Eliminates waste products like nitrogenous waste, toxins and drugs
Digestive System
The digestive system breakdown and also absorb food for the metabolism.
Mechanical Digestion: Physical breaks down large food pieces into even smaller pieces.
Chemical Digestion: Breaks down food into simpler chemicals that can be absorbed by cells in the body.
Major organs of digestive and urinary system
Urinary Organs
Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
Kidney: filters about 200 litters of fluid
Urinary Bladder: its a temporary storage for urine
Urethra: it transports urine from bladder to external environment
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Digestive Organs
Pancreas: secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum.
Gallbladder: stores excess bile for the liver
Teeth: its an accessory organ that occurs in mechanical digestion because it breaks down food
Small Intestine: functions in mechanical digestion where segmentation and peristalsis occurs. it also functions in chemical digestion where the intestinal glands secrete intestinal juices and 90% absorption of water and nutrients occurs
Large Intestine: digestion by bacteria. it absorbs water and salt. it also forms, stores and eliminates feces
Pharynx: passageway for food and air from mouth to esophagus
Mouth: opening for food which is where the food enters
Stomach: its the mixing and holding chamber and is a J shaped muscular organ
Esophagus: its the only passageway for food and it moves food by peristalsis
Tongue: its a thick muscular organ covered by the mucous membrane with taste buds within the papillae
Liver: secretes bile into duodenum
Salivary Gland: accessory organ that keeps oral cav moist, lubricates, dissolves, and starts to breakdown food
Digestive Enzymes:
Proteins (stomach and small intestine)
Proteins-peptides-amino acids;
Lipids (small intestines)
Fats-fatty acids, Lipase-fatty acids and glycerol
DNA/RNA (pancreas)
Nucleic acids-nucleotides, Nuclease-nucleotides
Carbohydrates (mouth and small intestine)
Polysaccharides-disaccharides and monosaccharides; Amylase:poly-d, Disaccharides-monosaccharides, Maltase-glucose, Lactase-glucose and galactose and Sucrase-glucose and fructose
Locations of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Absorption Macromolecule
Proteins: located in stomach ofsmall intestine
Carbohydrates: located in blood of small intestine
Fats: located in the lacteals which is in the lymphatic vessels of small intestine
Digestion Macromolecule
Protein: located in blood of small intestine
Carbohydrates: located in mouth and small intestine
Fats: located in small intestine
Layers of GI tract
Mucosa
Mucous Membrane: produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
Muscularis Mucosae: two thin layers of smooth muscle
Epithelium: nonkeratinized stratified squamous in perismouth, esophagus and anus, protection against friction.
Lamina Propria: areolar connective tissue contains blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph node for nourishment and immunity
Muscularis Layer
Myenteric Plexus: nerves
The muscle layer has two layers of smooth muscle to allow smooth muscle that allows peristalsis and segmentation
Serosa
The serosa is the outer layer of the GI tract
Serous Membrane: it is composed of thin layer of aerolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
Submucosa
Submucosal Plexus: autonomic nerve supply
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephron Anatomy
Structural and functional units of kidney
Kidneys contaian over 1 million of tiny blood processing units
Each nephron consists of glomerulus and renal tubule
Nephron Physiology
Kidneys form urine in nephrons and adjust the blood composition with three major processes
Glomerular filtration #1: it dumps filtrate into renal tubules and filters about 200 liters daily and only 1.5 of the liters leaves body as urine
Tubular reabsorption #2:
Disorders of the urinary and digestive system
Urinary Disorders
Kidney stones: hard deposits of minerals and acid salts that stick together in concentrated urine
Glucose: causes diabetes
Proteins: causes non-pathological, excessive physical exertion, pregnancy, high protein diet, pathological heart failure, severe hypertensions and renal disease
Erythrocytes: causes bleeding due to trauma kidney stones or infections
Leukocytes: causes urinary tract infection
Hemoglobin: causes transfusion reaction, hemolytic, anemia, and severe burns
Bile Pigments: causes liver disease
Digestive Disorders:
Jaundice: yellow skin discoloration due to excessive amounts of bile in blood
Appendicitis: inflammation of appendix
Gallstones: it blocks the bile duct. Its an obstruction of common hepatic duct
Hepatitis; inflammation of liver due to one out of six he[atitis viruses
Cirrhosis: chronic inflammation in liver from alcohol or chronic hepatitis