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Unit 7: 1890-1945 - Coggle Diagram
Unit 7: 1890-1945
Reform
Political
Secret Ballot:
- state issues and prints ballots
- voters mark their choices
secretly in a private booth
Direct Primaries:
- voters directly choose their
candidates
- overthrew political boss rule
Direct Election of Senators:
- they were chosen by state
legislatures
- 17th amendment (1913) - all
US senators elected by the people
Initiative, Referendum, and Recall:
- Initiative - voters can compel the
legislature to consider a bill
- Referendum - citizens could vote on
proposed laws printed on ballots
- Recall - citizens could remove a corrupt
politician by majority vote before their
term expired
Municipal
- free kindergartens, public
schools, and playgrounds
- city bosses and businesses were
targets
- public ownership and operation
of utilities
Galveston, Texas
- first city to have voters
elect the heads of city departments in 1900
- more cities did the same by
1923
State
Temperance:
- rural progressives
thought they could
clean up morals and
politics by abolishing
liquor
Social Welfare:
- supported immigrants
and working class
- lobbied for better
schools, juvenile
courts, divorce laws,
and safety regulations
Child and Women labor:
- National Child Labor Committee
- Lochener v. NY (1905) - 10 hr work day
- Muller v. Oregon (1908) - protect women's health
in factories
- overall worked to improve safety
More political:
Square Deal:
- Roosevelt
- favored neither businessowners
nor laborers
- specific case in a coal mine
- 10% wage increase and 9 hr
workday
- owners did not have to recognize
the union
Trust Busting:
- regulated "good trusts"
- broke "bad trusts" which harmed
the public and stifled competition
Railroad Regulation:
- strengthened powers of the
Interstate Commerce Commission
- Elkins Act (1903) - ICC could stop
railroads from granting rebates to
favored customers
- Hepburn Act - commission could
fix just and reasonable rates
for railroads
-
Progressivism origins
Lasted thru 3 presidencies:
- Roosevelt (R) (1901-1909)
- Taft (1909-1913)
- Wilson (D) (1913-1917)
Progressives
Who were they?:
- independent farmers
- adjusting to urban life
- Union leaders, feminists,
Protestants, and African Americans
- largely middle class
- diverse group
Concerns:
- divide btwn rich and poor
- clash btwn labor and capital
- power of big business
- corrupt political machines
Policies and goals:
- honest gov't and just laws
- pragmatism - practical approach to
morals, ideals, and knowledge
- continue to challenge fixed notions
- Scientific Management - also put the
gov't into the hands of experts
Muckrakers:
- deep, investigative stories
- attacked practices of railroad
and oil companies - Lloyd's
Wealth Against Commonwealth
- sensationalism
Different Parties, Presidents,
and Programs
Taft
Mann-Elkins Act (1910):
- gave ICC power to suspend railroad
rates and oversee public companies
Sixteenth Amendment:
- authorized US gov't to collect
an income tax
Progressive Republicans
were unimpressed:
- Taft did not lower tariffs
- Failed to reduce power
of Congress's leading
conservative
Socialist Party:
- more radical than
Progressives
Eugene V. Debs:
- critic of business an
champion of Labor
- Jailed for Pullman Strike
Wilson
Tariff Reduction:
- Underwood Tariff (1913) - lowered
tariffs for the first time in >50 years
- graduated income tax to make up
for it
Banking Reform:
- banking system w/
12 district banks
supervised by a Federal
Reserve Board
Business Regulation:
- Clayton Anti Trust Act - strengthened
Sherman Anti Trust Act and exempted
unions from being prosecuted as trusts
- Federal Trade Commission - investigate
and take action against any unfair trade practice
Women, African Americans,
and other minorities
African Americans
Booker T. Washington:
- Tuskegee Institute
- Education and economic
progress was more important
than political and social equality
W.E.B. DuBois:
- demanded equal rights for blacks
- that was the prerequisite for
economic freedom
Great Migration:
- blacks moved north to seek jobs
- crops in the south were destroyed
- more job opportunities in the North
- Civil rights organizations:
NAACP, Niagara Movement - equal rights,
and National Urban League to aid blacks
economically w/ migration
Women
NAWSA:
- Carrie Chapman Catt
- broadening democracy
to empower women
Militant Suffragists:
- pickets, parades, and strikes
- Alice Paul
- advocated for a suffrage amendment
Nineteenth Amendment (1920):
- women's suffrage at all levels