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Unit 6 Review Imperialism (1750-1900) :<3: - Coggle Diagram
Unit 6 Review Imperialism (1750-1900) :<3:
Rationales for Imperialism
Culture
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Europeans believed in the superioty of the white race and superioty of their culture. They wanted to share that culture with others. (White man's burden)
Darwinism
-In the natural order the strong wast the weak and only the fittest survive.
Social Darwinism
-Nature is indeed red in tooth and claw and the strong eat the weak and only the fittest surive, why shouldn't the strong nations eat weak nations. Europe was the wealthiest during this time period.
Religion
-European Christians spread throughout the world during this period and wanted to convert everyone.
The Industrial Revolution across the world was a new wave of empire building or imperialism
Nationalism
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When a group of people who have a strong common identity and become loyal to a single state.
Britain began looking around the world to find another place to establish and empire after loosing American colonies.
Nationalism drove Japan to empire building as well. They encroached on Korea's economy and politics. This led to anger which led to war in 1894 (the sino Japanese war) Japan won the war because of modernize military via the meiji restoration. They established Korea as a colony of their own.
Economics
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British Dutch and French governments charteredtrade agreements with local rulers of India, the East Indies in East Africa. The first half of the 19th century Britain possessed the wealthiest economy in the world because of their sizable empire and many tried to take that title, especially the US.
State Expansion
By the late 1800s Europe wanted more from Africa. One of the desires that the British wanted was a shorter sea-based route to Asian trading posts. Build a canal across Egypt to connect the Mediterranean sea with the red sea and this caused the
Suez Canal
to be completed in 1869. Britain seized the canal in 1882. Africans were resisting imperial influence and establishe colonial holdings.
Settler colony
-People from the imperial country relocate to that place to live there.
China
- China used economic imperialism, western powers carved up China into the spheres of influence, western powers had exclusive trading right in their own shere.
Japan became a colonizer.
The Dutch East India company also colonized countries in East Asia. British also colonized Australia, New Aeland.
Penal colony
-Where Britain sent all of its convicts.
New Zeland
-This was a settler colony, the New Zeland wars was between Britain and Maori; Maori lost.
United States
-The US wanted to push westward and conquered the whole territory from sea to shining sea. Trail of tears after they passed the Indian removal act in 1839, the Indians were abused on the trip out of the US.
Spanish American war in 1898
-Americans declared was on Spain won the war and aquired a lot of territory including the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.
The Scramble for Africa
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Otto von Bismark decided to call the Berlin conference in 1884, in the meeting imperial leaders decided how to divide Africa, they did this by drawing colonial boundaries in their own pleassure. Europe didn't invite any Africans to the conference.
The Congo
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Leopold the II, Belgium King, pushed into the Congo and claimed it as his own personal holding. He became really wealthy by enacting brutality towards the Congolese. He used forced labor to get rubber and ivory, more than 8 million people died.
Indigenous responses to state expansion
Cheroke Indians had dealt with colonists and later Americans for a while but they assimilated into American culture.
The Ghost Dance
-This was an Indian resistance movement. Indians believed in a prophecy given to then that announced their ancestral dead would return and drive the white men out of their land.
Spaish reactions
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Tupac Amaru II
lead an armed rebellion agaisnt the Spanish colonial leaders. He did like that Spain was abusing his people and arrested one of the colonial leaders and charged him with cruelty. When the Spanish retaliated a rebellion among the natives spread throut Peru. Amaru was captured and excuted.
Benito Juarez
was in power in Mexico and did not want the Frech in his country, conservative members of his government resented his liberalism and saw French encroachment as a wat to oust Juarez from his power.
Xhosa cattle killing movement
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The Native Xhosa people refused to be ruled by Europeans and fought with the British for over 40 years and the Xhosa people's cattle started dying, they thought they were dying from disease from European cows and decided to kill all of the British because the believed the spirits would drive the Europeans out of their land. The Xhosa cattle killing movement killing more than 400,000 cattle but the British never moved out of their land.
For a long time the
Balkan Peninsula
have been ruled by the Ottoman empire but there was resentment in te Ottoman empire and this led to nationanalism and they rose up against the Ottomans and many Balkan states gained independence.
Global economic development
Countries grew their industrial capacity they found that they needed: more raw materials and food.
Most Africans engaged in
substance farming
before the Europeans showed up, this means that they only grew enough to live.
Many factories needed raw materials and turned to many colonies to provide such raw materials:
Cotton, Rubber, Palm oil, diamond
consequences for all of the need of raw materials are a number of increasingly interconnected global economies. Also the narrowing and weakening of the colonial economy.
Economic Imperialism
Chinese Opium wars
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The British East India company forced Indian farmers to start manufacturing opium. The British began smuggling a lot of opium. In 1729 the Chinese emperormade buying and selling opium illegal but too many people depended on it and the ban had little effect. After a century the Chinese were tired of the abusive situation and rose up against the British which led to the
opium wars
The main goal was to oust the British of their midst, at the end of the wars, the British took over China economically. They did this by forcing to open up additional ports of trade to Britain and by requiring a free trade agreement.
In Latin America there was a big imperial interst in Latin America and many countries wanted raw materials, low wage workers and markets for their goods. The most significant investment into Argentina was that they helped finance the building of the port of Buenos Aires to facilitate the massive import and export of raw-materials and economic goods.
One country has significant economic power over the other country.
Causes of Migration
Labor systems
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Lots of people are migrating to other places for work, they went there and became indentured servants which was attractive to poor laborers because the agreement allowed them to work for a number of years to pay for their passage to the new land.
Contract Labor
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When the British abolished the slave trade, their 1st attempt to a replacement was to bring in Chinese and Indian workers who agreed to work in low wages.
Penal colony
-Where they send convictd to do hard labor.
Diapora
-A scattered population whose origin lies in a different geographic location.
There was a lot of poverty in India and that led to some mass migrations of people out of India. Irish people emigrated for political reasons and became part of the United Kingdom, the abolished the Irish parliament. Most Irish emigrated because they were hungry, a blight in the potato crop destroyed in stagering numbers, the cheif source oof food for lower clases. This was known as the potato famine which forced people to move out.
Settler colonies
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Many people wanted to migrate to southern colonies was because of the colonial powers wanting to extend industrialization and western technology into the territory they control.
Effects of Migration
The home society
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Men leaving their home to find work elsewhere, this had an effect on gender roles. The women's role in the family became larger if there was no replacement man. Men who migrated agreed on these things:
Their families came to join them in the place they migrated, or men would return to their home country.
The receiving society
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When people migrated, they brought their culture with them.
Ethnic enclave
-Migrants from the same culture found each other in these new places huddled together.
Indian ethnic enclaves
-Indian migrants signed onto the British system of indentured servitude and were flung to all parts of the British empire.
Irish immigrant enclaves
-settled in urban areas and took up low-wage factory work. The spread of Catholisism in the US because the Irish were Catholic.
Italian cultural enclaves
-Many made their was towards Argentina, that decision was in the Argentinian constitution was an encouragement for European immigration and when they came, they would enjoy the same equal rights as citizens.
Chinese exclusion act of 1882
-The first time the American congress had actually passed a law that banned immigration towards a certain group.
British parliament passed more laws restricting anyone from immigrating to Australia who wasn't British, this was known as the
White Australia policy