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Notes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 'there are regularities to be discovered between situations and components of emotional episodes'
        
        E.g. situations leading to the tendency to attack have somehing in common and they differ from those leading to tendency to run away
      - 'the influence of these situations of these components is causally mediated by mental process of appraisal'
        
        Proposed appraisal factors must be processed by the organism; it's NOT ENOUGH for the stimulus to be goal relevant; organism needs to detect this in some way (Frijda 1986:330)
        
        From this follows postulate of appraisal; a mental process in which a stimulus is evaluated on the proposed appraisal factors and that process, crucially, CAUSES the other factors
        
        Once the appraisal has produced output (a representation of appraisal values in any format) it drives changes in action tendencies, somatic responses and motor behaviour.
        Aspects of all these changes emerge into consciousness.
    - - First flavour (Lazarus 1991, Roseman 2013) splits the set into a limited number of subsets, corresponding to the specific emotions occurring in natural language (anger, fear, sadness). Proponents of this take these specific emotions as the phenomena to be explained.
        
        FIrst flavour proposes that the appraisal values are integrated in a pattern, maybe linked to some core relational theme (eg. danger, loss) and that this determines the specific emotion that occurs (fear, sadness). Once this is determined, the other components that belong to the emotion are activated. Transition from core relational theme to the other components may be mediated by an affect program (“a dedicated brain circuit for the emotion”). View is compatible with affect program theories (Ekman 1994, Panksepp 2012).
      - Second flavour (Scherer 2009) splits emotional episodes into a large or even infinite number of subsets, each characterised by a unique situation and hence a unique pattern of appraisal values. Shift of focus from specific emotions to (sub)emotional components (Ortony and Turner, 1990). Try to explain the tendencies to dominate, attack, freeze or avoid, without linking them to anger and fear, ultimately without worrying whether the components under study are emotional or not.
        
        Second flavour proposes that each appraisal value determines part of the other components, and together these parts from the emotion. Emotion is an emergent phenomenon. Many possible combinations of appraisal values and hence many possible emotions.
        
        Second flavour appraisal theories share idea with constructivist theories that emotional episodes emerge from processes that are not specific to emotion (Brosch 2013).
      - First flavour tries to discover the appraisal patterns causing specific emotions, second flavour examines the influence of appraisal values on other components without linking them to specific emotions.