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CHAPTER 8 : COMMUNICATION - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 8 : COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION
exchanging and sharing of information requires a mechanism.This mechanism is called organizational communication.
TYPES
formal communication refers to official communication which takes place through a chain of commands
b) Upward Communication - it means the flow of information from the lower levels of the organisation to the higher level of authority.
a) Downward Communication - communication from a superior to a subordinate.
c) Horizontal Communication - the transmission of information and understanding between people on the same level of organization hierarchy
DEFINITION
the process of sharing experiences between two or more people.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Encoding - a process in which a sender puts his/her message into symbols or language (encoding) ENCODING can either be VERBAL (spoken or written communication) & NON VERBAL (facial, gestures, body languages and appearance.
Messages - messages are the codes that are transmitted via a medium or channel to a receiver.
Mediums or Channels - a pathway in which the codes transfer between sender and receiver.
Decoding - a process in which a receiver undersands messages received
Sender - the person who has an idea and wants to convey it to the receiver.
Feedback - a process in which parties in the communication process aim to arrive at a common understanding.(i.e goal of communication)
Noises - anything in a communication setting that causes disturbance or interference (noises) in the communication process.
MAJOR BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Value and Cultural Differences - value and cultural dfferences as well as different beliefes are often barriers to communication. people from all around the world view things differently and this may distort communication.
Sender or Source of Communication - distorted by a receiver's perception, or his or her attitude towards a sender or source of communication.
Lack of Common Knowledge - can be distorted when people do not share common knowledge es[ecially in todays' working environments
Physical Noise - problems hearing a message being delivered when communication occurs in a noisy space.
Semantics- refers to the meaning of words. example, the meaning of Sudu and Senduk to Malaysians is exactly the opposite from Indonsesians.
Gender Difference
Gender Differences - males and females are often treated differently from childhood they tend to develop different perpectives, attitude about life and communication style.
Informal Organizational Communication
known as grapevine and it is present in all organizations. Grapevines carry two types of information : work related and people related.
single strand network, the process of communication is very linear, and information travels from one person to the next person.
In a gossip network, there is one individual who serves as the source of the mesage and who transmit the message to a number of peolple directly.
in a probability communication network there is one individual as the primary source of the message, who randomly selects people within her or his communication network to communicate the message.
in the case of a cluster network, the source of the message chooses a number of preselected people with whom to communicate a message.
OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO EFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Obtain Feedback - encourage receiver by asking them to ask questions.
Use Simple Language - to use simple language and words.
Avoid Noise - to avoid noise.
Understand Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication - manager should understand individuals's facial expression, clothes, postures and gesture.