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CHAPTER 7 INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 7
INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY
built in Nottingham (1874) by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd.
in 1885 - first US incinerator in Governors Island New York
In 1905, First incinerator facility built in Czech Republic in Brno
DEFINITION
Furnace where waste is burnt
waste treatment process where involve combustion of organic susbtance
CURRENT INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY
Coupled with high temperature waste treatment system (thermal treatment)
Waste => ash, flue gas, particles and heat
used for electricity generation
the treated gas are removed to atmosphere
WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
incineration - stands taller
reduce mass of waste (95-96%)
Flue Gas Pollutant
Acid Gasses
NOx
Particulates
Organic Hazardous Air Pollution
CO
Metal Hazardous AIr Pollution
Air Pollution Control
Good combustion practices
Emission control devices
Acid gas scrubber
Activated carbon
Baghaoses
Selective non-catalytic reduction
Electrostatic precipitation
Remove certain waste components
ADVANTAGES
Reduce volume and weight immediately
Can be done at generation site
Small disposal area required
Air discharge can be controlled
Cost can be offset by heat recovery
DISADVANTAGES
Skill operator is required
require supplement fuel
Public disposal
High capital cost
Gasification
History
1839, first coal gasifier built in Germany - Bischof
1861, by Siemens in Germany
1881, by Dowson in England for gas cleaning and cooling hardware
1939-1945, Europe- wood gas generator (Gasogene) to power motor vehicles.
How it Works
reaction of carboneceous feedstock with (O2, air, steam or CO2)
T = 800 degree Celsius
Use partial oxidation-oxygen
Produce Syn gas (H, CO and CH4)
Application Syngas
Biodiesel
Electricity
Pure H2
Mechanical work
Convert coal and biomass to synthetic gas
Biomass
Coal
Types of Gasifier
Fludized Bed
The fuel is fluidized in air and steam
Ash is removed
Temp. low in dry ash
Fuel throughput is higher than fixed bed
Multiple Hearth
Horizontal Fixed Bed
Modular Combustion Unit (MCU)
Consist primary and secondary chamber
Primary : waste is gasified by partial combustioon
Secondary : gas from primary will combust with excess air
Rotary Kiln
Vertical Fixed Bed
More sensitive to mechanical characteristics of fuel
Require uniform fuel (refuse derive fuel (RDF))
Fuel flow by gravity
Operate in counter current
ADVANTAGES
Easier to handle, control and burn the solid MSW
Can design for small medium scale
Syngas can be used after proper treatmentto generate high quality fuel
DISADVANTAGES
Requires reliable control equipment
Costly in syngas cleaning
Syngas is toxic and potentially eplosive
Anaerobic digestion
Organic matter such as animal or food waste is broken down to produce biogas and biofertiliser without oxygen
Anaerobic digestion process
Pyrolysis
Thermal decomposition in absent of heat
Waste material reduce to synthetic gas, bio-oil
Pyrolysis + water = hydrous pyrolysis
Biomass pyrolysis cycle
Biomass > Dry > Grind > Reactor > Cyclone > Cool and Collect > Bio oil
Long chain of C, H, O in biomass break into small molecule form gases, solid charcoal, tar & oils
Waste Treated By Pyrolysis
Wood material
Biomass (animal waste)
Waste Tires
MSW
Types of Pyrolysis
Slow
takes several hour to complete
Produce bio-char
Fast
Takes 2 seconds
Flash pyrolysis
T = 300-550 celcius
Yield 60% bio-oil
Utilisation of Pyrolysis
Bio-oil
Oil can be upgraded to special engine fuel or bio diesel through syn gas process
Vital source for wide range of organic compound and speciality chemical.
Syn-gas
Short for "synthetic gas"
Derived from pyrolysis
Volatile syn gas making ideal fuel source
Produce CO, H(85%), small amount CO2 and CH4
Use as fuel to generate electricity or steam
Combustion of syn gas produce clean emissions
Bio-char
As coal replacement
Use in agriculture (soil amendment)
Highly absorbent
Increase soil ability to retain water, nutrients, agriculture chemicals
Prevent water contamination
Prevent soil erosion
ADVANTAGES
Can use wide range of biomass feedstock
High efficiency
Reduce transport and handling cost
Good environmental performance
Perform at small scale and remote location
DISADVANTAGES
Very dependent of moisture content feedstock
Low water level can cause dust production instead of oil
high moisture content, high level of water produce
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Moving Grate
Treating MSW
Give complete and effective combustion
Can handle 35 MT of waste
Can operate 8000 hr/year
Burn Barrel
more control form of private waste incineration
-burning material inside a metal barrel
Fixed Grate
Older version for grate
Has an opening at top (loading purposes)
Burn Pile (Burn Pit)
simplest, easiest waste disposal
Consist mound of combustible material pile on bare ground and set on fire
spread uncontrolled fire
Rotary Kiln
by large industrial plant
Primary chamber - conversion of solid to gas
(votalization,destructive distillation, partial combustion reaction)
Secondary chamber - Complete gas combustion reaction
Fluidized Bed
Air is blown at high speed over sand bed
Specialized Incinerator
Furniture factory sawdust
Control combuastion
