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DIGESTIVE & URINARY SYSTEMS By: Jennifer De Dios Period: 4 - Coggle…
DIGESTIVE & URINARY SYSTEMS
By: Jennifer De Dios
Period: 4
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
URINARY SYSTEM
■ Filter blood
■ Create urine as a waste by-product
■ Balance body's fluids and variety of electrolytes
■ Control red blood cell production (hormones)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
■ Take in food
■ Break food down into nutrient molecules
■ Absorb molecules into blood stream
■ Rid body of any indigestible remains
MAJOR ORGANS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
■ Alimentary canal (GI Tract)
--continuous muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus
-- digests food --> breaks down
--absorbs fragments through lining into blood
■ Accessory Digestive Organs
---teeth
---tongue
---gallbladder
---glands --> produce secretions that help break down food
■ Peritoneum: serous membrane of abdominal cavity
---visceral: membrane on external surface
---parietal: membrane that lines body wall
■ Peritoneal cavity
---fluid-filled space between 2 peritoneums
---fluid lubricates mobil orhans
■ Mesentery: double layer of peritoneum; fused
---routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
---holds organs in place and stores fat
■ Mouth: lips, cheeks, palate
■ Tongue
---gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food
--- initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste
■ Teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars
URINARY SYSTEM
■ Kidneys
---regulate total water and solute concentration in water
---regulate ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
---long-term acid-base balance
■ Ureters
---transport urine from kidneys --> bladder
■ Bladder
---temporary storage reservoir for urine
■ Urethra
--- transports urine out of body
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
■ Amylase
---produced in mouth
---break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules
■ Pepsin
---produced in stomach
---helps break down proteins into amino acids
■ Trypsin
---produced in pancreas
---breaks down proteins
■ Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease
---produced in pancreas
---break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
DIGESTION & ABSORPTION OF MACROMOLECULES
MOUTH
■ Chemical digestion of carbohydrates and fats
STOMACH
■ Chemical digestion of proteins and fats
■ Absorption of lipid-soluble substances such as alcohol and aspirin
■ Mechanical digestion includes peristaltic mixing and propulsion
SMALL INTESTINE
■ Mechanical digestion includes mixing and propulsion
■ Chemical digestion of carbohydrates, fats, polypeptides, nucleic acids
■ Absorption of peptides, amino acids, glucose, fructose, fats
LARGE INTESTINE
■ Mechanical digestion includes segmental mixing and propulsion
■ Absorption of ions, water, minerals, vitamins, and organic molecules
LAYERS OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
MUCOSA
■ Lining epithelium, underlying layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria
---vascular support for epithelium
■ Products of digestion pass through these capillaries
■ Thin double layer of smooth muscle: muscularis mucosa for local movement of the mucosa
SUBMUCOSA
■ Loose connective tissue layer, with larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
---can contain mucous secreting glands
MUSCULARIS PROPRIA
■ Two layers of smooth muscle are used for peristalsis to move food down through the gut
ADVENTIA (SEROSA)
■ Outermost layer of loose connective tissue - covered by the visceral peritoneum
---Contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
NEPHRONS
■ Structural & functional units that form urine
--1 million in each kidney
■ Renal Corpuscle
---Glomerulus: tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
---highly porous capillaries; efficient filtrate formation
■ Glomerular capsule
---cup-shaped, hollow structure around glomerulus
--2 layers: parietal and visceral
■Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
increase surfacr area, large mitochondria
--reabsorption and secretion
■ Nephron Loop
---descending limb: proximal continuing with proximal tubule, distal = simple squamous
ascending limb: thick, cuboidal or columnar
■ Distal Convoluted Tubule
---more in secretion than reabsorbption
--confined to cortex
DISORDERS
PERITONITIS
■ Inflammation of peritoneum
■ Can arise from piercing abdominal wound
---perforating ulcer that leaks stomach juices into peritoneal cavity
■ Mostly from a burst appendix that sprays bacteria-containing feces on peritoneum
■ Removal of infectious debris and megadoses of antibiotics
APPENDICITIS
■ Blockage that traps infectious bacteria in its lumen
■ Appendix swells, squeezing off venous drainage --> ischemia and necrosis
■ Pain in umbilical region, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, pain relocalization to lower right quadrant
■ Surgical removal of appendix
CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE
■ Develops silently over many years
--filtrate formatjon decreases gradually, nitrogenous wastes accumulate in blood, and blood pH deifts toward acidic range
■ Leading cause is diabetes mellitus
■ Renal failure: filtrate formation stops completely --> uremia