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OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA), imgbin-somnolence-sleep-apnea-feeling-tired…
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA)
Risk Groups
Has a family member with OSA
Middle-aged & older men. Past menopausal women
Adults & children with Down Syndrome
Children with large tonsils & adenoids
Men & women with large neck size
Smokers
Ethnic minorities
People with endocrine d/o
Overweight & Obese
Has abnormalities of the bony & soft tissue structure of the head and neck
Those suffering from nocturnal nasal congestion due to abnormal morphology, rhinitis or both
Methadone
Can cause changes in brain chemistry that alter sleep regulation
Neurochemicals in the brain (serotonin), that help to regulate sleep can be negatively affected by methadone abuse
Opioid used for opioid maintenance therapy in opioid dependence and for chronic pain management
Prevalence
Europe ~ 23% in woman and 49% in men.
Singapore~30%.
North America~34% in men aged 30-70 years and 17% in women aged 30-70 years.
Malaysia ~15% in adults and 7-9% in children
Definition
Sleep-related breathing d/o that involves a decrease/complete halt in airflow despite an ongoing effort to breathe & it occurs when the muscles relax during sleep, causing soft tissue in the back of the throat to collapse & block the upper airway, leads to partial reduction (hypopenias) & complete pauses (apneas) in breathing
Sign & Symptoms
:warning:
Daytime :
Excessive sleepiness
Fatigue
Morning headaches
Memory / Concentration issues
Sleep
Snoring
Gasping
Not breathing
Sleep maintenance insomnia
Diagnosis
:
Polysomnogram test results
1
5>/= Respiratory Distubance Index (RDI) per hour of sleep
5>/= Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) per hour of sleep & at least 1 of the following:
Daytime sleepiness, fatigue, insomnia
walking with breath holding, gasping
observed loud snoring / breathing disruption
hypertension, diabetes type 2, stroke
Treatment & Prevention
Expiratory positive airway pressure
Weight loss recommendation
Oral pressure therapy
Physical training
Avoid smoking, alcohol drinks & medication that relaxes the CNS eg: sedatives, muscle relaxants
Continuous airway positive pressure (CPAP) therapy
