Categories:
🍿crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices - malware
🍿crimes that use computer networks or devices to advance other ends - hacking,fraud and identity theft,phishing scams

Phase1:
🎉positive term
🎉"hacker"- creative programmer who wrote elegant or clever code
🎉"hack"- was an especially clever piece of code

Phase2:
⚡negative term
⚡breaking into computers for which the hacker does not have authorized access
⚡spreading of computer worms and viruses
⚡phone phreaking- manipulating phone systems

Phase3:
🍒in the growth of Web
🍒hacktivism surfaced
:cherrDenial-of -service (DoS) attack used to shut down Web sites
🍒large scale theft of personal and financial information

Hacktivism:political hacking
🌸use hacking to promote a political cause
🌸disagreement about whether it is a form of civil disobedience and how it should be punished
🌸use appearance of hacktivism to hide other criminal activities

The Law:Catching and Punishing Hackers
🌹1986 Congress passed the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA)
🌹penalties for young hackers
🌹 Security
🌹 Responsibility fir security

🌵Phishing- email fishing for personal and financial information disguised ass legitimate business email
🌵Pharming-false Web sites for personal and financial information by planting false URLs in Domain Name Servers

💥activation for new credit cards
💥retailers do not print the full card number and expiration date on receipts
💥software detects unusual spending activities and will prompt retailers to ask for identifying information

Responses to Identity Theft:
✅authentication of email and web sites
✅use of encryption to securely store data so it is useless if stolen
✅authenticating customers to prevent use of stolen numbers,may trade convenience for security

Auctions:
🚩Federal Trade Commission -reports that online auction sites are one of the top sources of fraud complaints - some sellers do not send items or send inferior products
-sellers give themselves or friends glowing reviews to gather customer trust
🚩 auction sites use various techniques to counter dishonest sellers

⭐Click fraud - repeated clicking on an ad to either increase a site's revenue or to use up a competitor's advertising budget
⭐ Stock fraud : most common method is to buy a stock low, send out emails urging others to buy and sell when the price goes up , usually only for a short time
⭐Digital Forgery - new technologies are used to create fake checks,passports,visas,birth certificates-with little skill and investment