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Complex Cognitive Processes - Coggle Diagram
Complex Cognitive Processes
Thinking (manipulating and transforming information in one's working memory)
Critical thinking
Definition : Type of thinking which systematically examining
available information and coming up with conclusions
that are based on evidence
Students are not likely to engage in critical thinking
spontaneously
Elements (Nickerson, 1988)
Motivation
Some knowledge about the issue being considered
Metacognition
A set of component skills
Problem solving
Types of problems
well-defined
ill-defined
Problem solving steps
Select a strategy
Implement the strategy
Represent the problem
Evaluate the results
Identify the problem
Definition : Type of thinking which people apply to
achieve desired end state/outcome/result that is different
from an initial state
Metacognition
Definition : An individual's cognition about his'her cognition (thinking) or knowing about knowing
Study strategies
Note taking
Summarizing
SQ4R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review and
Reflect)
Transfer
The productive use of cognitive tools and motivations
Positive transfer
– Something that was learned in the past facilitate new learning
or solving new problem
Near transfer: similar context
Far transfer: different context
Extending what has been learned in one context to new
contexts
Negative transfer (Something that was learned in the past hinders new learning
Misconceptions (invalid concepts constructed using experiences, expectations, beliefs, and emotions
Undergeneralization
Overgeneralization
Naive theories
Incorrect analogies
Theories of concept formation
Prototype theory
Prototype is the best representation of a
category or class
Research suggests that the majority of real-world
concepts are structured by typical attributes rather than by rules
Examplar theory
When people need to decide whether a certain
Pokémon Go© is a game, rather than comparing the game with prototype, they compare the game with exemplars stored in LTM
Exemplars are from real examples experienced by
individuals
Exemplar is a highly typical examples of a
category or class (especially for abstract items)
Best explains how people form ambiguous or
abstract concepts such as the concept “games”
Rule theory
Once the rules are discovered, it is stored for
future reference
Rules can be learned through either
instruction or experience with examples or non -examples of the concept category
People form new concepts by trying to discover the rules related to the concept attributes
Using or transforming previously learned or
acquired knowledge and skills
Complex cognitive processes involve
Analysing
Synthesising
Applying
Evaluating
Understanding
Cognitive processes go beyond simply
remembering new information
Methods to promote concept formation
Concept Attainment Model
Concept Maps