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Botany Course Mindmaps, Community Ecology community-ecology #, Genetics…

- - - - gametes that can be formed in this phase
      - two genes are said to be linked
      - genes close together on one chromosomes
      - during meosis, haploid cells are either S or s, Y or y
  - - - during meosis II, two chromatids of each chromosomes separate
      - chromosomes have duplicated during S phase
      - consider a plant heterozygous for two traits
- - - - Chlorophyll is a natural pigment
        
        Chlorophyll b(Second most numerous pigment)
        
        Carotenoid (Provides different colors to plants)
        
        Chlorophyll a(Main Photosynthetic pigment)
- - - - distribution usually produce r selection
      - reproduce quickly and population growth
    - - phenotypes are different from benificial one
      - in a crowded habitat
  - - - random distribution occurs
      - large scale geographic distribution
    - - has limiting factor
      - ability of plant species to spread
- - - - individuals itself can modify habitats
      - modifies by producing dense canopy
    - - mutualism known as interaction
      - both organism benefited
    - - plants and animal relationship
      - prokaryotes, fungi and animals important
      - can be beneficial or detrimental
  - - - thick soil has distinct soil profile
      - new soil called pioneers
    - - plants cannot measure by photoperiods
      - contributes many factors.
      - at equator all days are 12 hrs long
    - - important to all organisms
      - restricted to some regions
    - - produces significants
      - has radical changes in ecosystem
- - - - lies in the wall
      - microspores develop into gametophytes
      - sperm cells produced after stigma called pollen
    - - ovule surviving develops into megagametophyte
      - nuclei migrates through cytoplasm and pulled by microtubules.
      - nucleus undergo three mitotic division
- - - - flat, tubular
      - trichomes
      - guard cells
    - - prevalent in lower epidermis
  - - - main photosynthetic tissue in most plants
    - - allows carbon dioxide to diffuse
      - loose aerenchyma
- - - - lacks petiole
      - aeonium
  - - - distributes water to the cell
      - collect sugars produced byphotosynthesis
      - transports sugars to stem
  - - - palmately compound
      - pinnately compound
      - petiolute
        
        attach the leaflets
      - rachis
        
        extension of petiole
- - - - encircle shoot apical meristem
      - it is initiated by shoot apical meristem
      - lamina
    - - it is the inner surface
    - - it is the outer surface
    - - differentiation of sieve tube members and vessel elements
      - streches the protoxylem and protophloem
      - initiation of primary xylem, phloem and the stomata
- - - - reduce surface area
      - water conservation
    - - few air spaces
    - - Portulaceae
      - Crassulaceae
      - Aizoaceae
  - - - provides extra protection
  - - - exists in plants for more than two years
  - - - made up of large chlorophyll cells
- - - - primary phloem
      - vascular cambium
        
        secondary xylem
        
        secondary phloem
      - Primary xylem
    - - pith
        
        interfascular cambium
      - cortex
        
        cork cambium
    - - epidermis
        
        Cork cambium
        
        phelloderm
        
        cork
  - - - longest time for growth before differentiation
- - - - require more glucose for the production
      - ability to form and deform by pressure and tension
      - thin in some areas
  - - - vessel elements
      - tracheids
    - - short sclereids
        
        inflexible and brittle
        
        mass forms
      - long fibers
        
        more flexible
        
        it is found in wood in most of the plants
        
        they are found where strength and flexibility is required
    - - thin is ptimary and thick is secondary
      - elastic deforms but returns to its original state if pressure is released.
  - - - used for short distance transportation
      - contains numerous molecular pumps
      - increases surface area
    - - involves in photosynthesis
      - thin cell wall
    - - secretion includes: oil, mucilage, nectar, fragrance and resins
      - it contains large amount of dictysomes and endoplasmic reticulum
      - metabolize sugars and mineralas
- - - - wide internodes
    - - long internode
    - - crocus
      - has thick stems with the peppery leaves
- - - - in fleshy stems
      - open tissues with large intercellular space
  - - - prevents water loss in plants
      - protects from overheating in bright sunlight
- - - - reserve healthy cells
      - mitotically inactive
      - resistant to radiation and toxic chemicals
      - it becomes active when the root cap or apical meristem is damaged.
  - - - in the root cortex
    - - into metaxylem and metaphloem
    - - develop into primary xylem and primary phloem
      - it is in the center
    - - outermost cell
      - differentiate into epidermis
  - - - absorption of water and minerals are reduced
    - - it is unchanged
      - continue to mature
    - - they are slow to develop
      - has casparian strips
  - - - undergo cell division
      - differ as they move towards the side
      - small and meristematic when it is formed
    - - protects the root
      - provides the stability of root
  - - - helps to transport the minerals from the epidermis to vascular tissues
    - - water and minerals absorption
      - surface area increases
    - - water proof cell wall
      - cylindrical
      - Casparian Strips
        
        Controls the flow of minerals
- - - - radicle
        
        gives rise to taproot
      - small lateral roots
      - single taproot
    - - adventitious root
      - most monocots and some dicots
  - - - tips pushes to soil
      - discrete apical meristem
    - - rich in carbohydrates and amino acids
        
        rapid growth of microbes around the tip
      - lubricate the passage of the root
      - causes the soil to release nutrients ions
    - - growth in length
- - - - brace the trunk
      - upper part grows rapidly
    - - helps in respiration
    - - stabilizers for stem
      - transports nutrients and minerals to the stem
- - - - all genomes are subjected to genome factor
      - existing alleles decrease frequency
      - significants depends on part of population
    - - population must produce offsprings
      - the most significant factor
      - most adapted to the environment to survive
      - causing gene pool changes
    - - many phenomena as quality accidents
      - collisions of large molecules on earth
      - organisms cannot adapt
    - - gene pool
      - selective breeding of crop plants
      - humans proposely changes alleles
- - - - synthesis of nucleotide
      - longest part of the cell cycle
      - recovery from division
      - cell growth
    - - cell produce proteins
      - synthesis of alpha and beta tublins
      - it is necessary for the spindle microtubules
    - - Gene in the nucleus are replicated
      - Genome
        
        it is the entire complex of all genes
      - Histones
        
        Protein Complex
        
        it gives structure to the cell and provides protection
      - Synthesis Phase
      - Chromatid
        
        it is the each half of the doubled chromosomes
      - Chromosomes
        
        Telomere
        
        at the end of the chromosomes
        
        Attached genes in a linear sequences
        
        Centromere
        
        located at the center
      - Endoreduplication
        
        it occurs in 80% of all maturing plants
        
        Nucleus becomes huge
- - - - Metaphase I
        
        tetrads line up on the metaphase plate
      - Anaphase I
        
        homologous pairs separate
      - Prophase I
        
        Synapsis and crossing over occurs
      - Telophase I
      - Cytokinesis I
    - - Metaphase II
        
        chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
      - Anaphase II
        
        sister chromatids separate
      - Prophase II
      - Telophase II
      - Cytokinesis II
        
        four haploid daughter cells are formed each having one chromosomes
  - - - Spindles fully develop
    - - Chromatids separate and moves towards cell ends
      - centromeres move apart
    - - centrioles move away from eachother
      - Chromatin becomes coiled into chromosomes
      - asters formed in animal cells
      - kinetochores attach to kinetochore fibres
- - - - useful for construction
      - it contains large amounts of fibers
    - - has few or no fibers
      - redwood, pines, etc.