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Digestive/Urinary System, Natalie Reyes, Period 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - occupies floor of mouth; gripping/repositioning/mixing, formulation of bolus, initiation of swallowing/speech/taste
    - - cleanses mouth, dissolves food chemicals for taste, moistens/compacts food into bolus, begins breakdown of starch
    - - lie in sockets of gum covered margin of mandible & maxilla; aid in process of chewing through mastication
    - - allows passage of food, fluids, & air
    - - flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach; conduit for food
    - - temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion; converts bolus of food into chyme
    - - produces bile (fat emulsifier)
    - - store & concentrate bile by absorbing water/ions
    - - exocrine
        
        produce pancreatic juice
      - endocrine
        
        secretion of insulin & glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
    - - where food is chewed & mixed with saliva that begins process of digestion/swallowing process
    - - major organ of digestion & absorption
    - - water absorption, electrolyte absorption, production/absorption of vitamins, forms/propels feces
  - - - major excretory organ; maintain internal environment by: regulating volume of water/solutes, ensure long term balance of acids & bases, activate vitamin D, excrete waste
    - - slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder
    - - relaxes & expands to store urine until it contracts to expel urine
    - - muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
- - - - contains blood & lymph vessels, lymph follicles, submucosal nerve, & elastic tissue (help organ maintain shape)
    - - muscular layer behind segmentation & peristalsis
      - inner circular muscular layer and outer layer form sphincters
    - - outermost layer; covered in visceral peritoneum
    - - absorbs end products
      - protects against disease
      - secretes mucus, enzymes, & hormones
  - - - serous membranes; visceral & parietal
    - - fluid space between peritoneum
      - lubricates mobile organs
    - - double layered peritoneum fused together; body wall to digestive organs, routes for vessels and nerves, holds organs in place
- - - - capillaries of fenestrated endothelium; porous, allows for efficient filtrate formation
    - - cup-shaped, hollow structures that surrounds glomerulus
  - - - proximal; closest to renal corpuscle
      - forms brush border, reabsorption, secretion, cortex
    - - conducts urine within nephrons
      - descends limb, ascends limb
    - - distal; farthest from renal corpuscle, drains into collecting duct
      - cuboidal, few microvilli, secretion, cortex
- - - - inflammation of the peritoneum; can arise from piercing abdominal wound, perforating ulcer leaking stomach juices into peritoneal cavity, or poor sterile technique
    - - uncomfortably dry mouth as a result of little saliva
    - - burning, radiating substernal pain that occurs when stomach acid regurgitates into the esophagus
    - - persistent damage to underlying tissues of stomach wall
    - - when too much cholesterol or too few bile salts allows cholesterol to crystalize forming gallstones
  - - - infections or inflammations that affect the kidneys
    - - abnormally low urinary output
    - - filtrate formation decreases gradually, nitrogenous wastes accumulate in the blood, & blood pH drifts toward acidic range
    - - filtrate formation decreases or stops completely
    - - fatigue, anorexia, nausea, mental changes, & muscle cramps
    - - when calcium or magnesium salts or uric acid are concentrated in urine and crystalize
- - - - mouth & small intestine
    - - glucose & galactose absorbed via cotransport with Na+
      - monosaccharides leave epithelial through facilitated division & transported to liver
      - fructose passes through facilitated diffusion
  - - - stomach & small intestine
    - - amino acids absorbed through cotransport with Na+
      - amino acids leave through facilitated diffusion & transported to liver
  - - - mouth, stomach, & small intestine
    - - fatty acids & monoglycerides enter intestinal cells through diffusion
  - - - small intestine
    - - units enter intestinal cells through active transport via membrane carriers