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Community ecology #, Seeds Plants I : Seed Plants without Flowers ("…

- - - - Interaction between two organism
- - - - curved upwards
- - - - leptoids
      - hydroids
      - Rhizoids
    - - Gametophores
      - not homologous with vascular plant
- - - - volcanic eruption produces poisonous gases
- - - - one species changes to new species
      - gene flow
        
        movement of alleles physically through space
        
        occurs in many ways
        
        pollen transfer
        
        allele movement are rapid
        
        it's sperm fertilize eggs to form new seeds
        
        one full haploid genome, all alleles of plant are present
        
        seed disposal
        
        seeds and fruits fall close to parents
        
        many species have long distant dispersal
        
        seed germinate into new plant develops
        
        reproduce new alleles
        
        vegetative propagation
        
        species produces small pieces to reproduce
        
        contribute to gene flow
    - - types
        
        abiological reproductive barriers
        
        prevents growth flow
        
        mutation inhibits pigment synthesis
        
        species grow but don't hybrid
        
        adaptive radiation
        
        new species diverges over short period of time
        
        first founder individual
        
        initial gene pool is small
        
        gene pool change rapidly and erratically
- - - - incomplete dominance
      - independent assortment
  - - - RR
      - rr
- - - - Adenine
      - Uracil
      - Guanine
    - - m RNA
        
        carries amino acid
      - r RNA
        
        genetic messages
      - t RNA
        
        composed of ribosomes
    - - carries genetic information
      - Double helix
      - bases
        
        Adenine
        
        Guanine
        
        Uracil
        
        cytosine
      - Mutation
        
        Any change in the sequence of DNA
  - - - Fertilization
      - egg
      - Sperm
    - - mitosis
        
        repair
        
        growth
      - meiosis
        
        Cell division
    - - homologous pairs
        
        diploid 2n
    - - trisomy disorder
      - gender
        
        XY
        
        XX
- - - - arisaema
      - philodendron
      - arthurium
    - - hydrilla
      - najas
      - sagittaria
- - - - paimate compound
      - pinnate compound
      - double pinnate compound
- - - - night
    - - Day
- - - - uppermost
    - - Zone of depletion
    - - Rock fragments
- - - - critically important to all organisms
      - components
        
        temperature
        
        rainfall
        
        relative humidity
        
        wind
      - low and high extremes is the tolerance range
      - Aspects of habitat affect a plant constitute is operational habitat
    - - components
        
        fires
        
        landslides
        
        snow
        
        floods
      - Elimination of large numbers of individuals
      - Manmade disturbances can cause insecticides , herbicides, hunting and habitat destruction
  - - - Individual itself, just being in habitat
      - Example
        
        Northern United States, trees modify the habitat by producing dense canopy
        
        Pines forest are more open, but still shaded by mature pines
    - - Several individuals, of either just one or several species occur together
      - Mutualism
        
        Interaction is beneficial for both organism
      - Competition
        
        Mutualism disadvantageous
      - competitive exclusion
        
        Theory postulates that the result of competiton
      - niche
        
        Particular set of condition
- - - - No obvious, identifiable pattern
    - - spacing between plant
    - - Evenly spaced from their neighbors
    - - Release from plant of chemicals that inhibits other plants
- - - - A disturbance usually produces
      - Destroys many individuals
      - species are annuals or small shrubby
    - - Extreme species
      - Carrying capacity
      - Lives in stable environment
- - - - low permeable to air
      - starch
    - - high water content
      - Starch
    - - dicots
      - Starch
      - root shape
- - - - moves up to xylem
      - inside cellular leaf
      - saturates cellulose microfibrils
    - - water evaporates through stomata
      - creates negative pressure
    - - transverse osmotic pressure
      - occurs in xylem of vascular plants
      - transpiration low during day
      - diffusion across cortex
    - - water molecules stick to form strong column
- - - - gymnosperm
      - no covering
      - seeds fall on ground
      - no fibers
    - - angiosperm
      - produce seeds
      - have covering
      - has fibers
- - - - fuction
        
        storage of food and water
        
        acts as translocation
  - - - fusiform initials
        
        horizontal rows
        
        can be
        
        uniseriate
        
        one cell
        
        biseriate
        
        two cells
        
        multiseriate
        
        many celss
      - ray initials
        
        short vertical rows
        
        irregular
- - - - Stroma of chloroplast
    - - turns
        
        Carbon dioxide
        
        air
        
        sugar
      - Autotrophs to grow
    - - Carbon 3 photosynthesis
      - Carbon 4 photosynthesis
      - CAM
  - - - Thylakoid membrane
    - - produces
        
        O2
        
        ATP
        
        NADPH
    - - Photosynthesis I
        
        Primary acceptor
        
        Pheophytin
      - Photosynthesis II
        
        Primary acceptor
        
        Chlorophyll A
- - - - Function
        
        causes soil to release nutrient ions
        
        secreated by dictyosomes
        
        complex polysaccharide
        
        release nutrition
- - - - ground meristem
      - procambium
      - protoderm
- - - - apex of stem
- - - - below epidermal tissue
    - - Storage
      - photosynthesis
      - Transport
  - - - epidermis of
        
        stem
        
        petiole
    - - provides tensile strength
      - mechanical support
      - elasticity
  - - - Cortex of
        
        Stem
        
        Leaf
    - - Support plants
- - - - macromolecule
      - long chain fatty acid
      - Three dimensional network
      - hydrophobic compounds
    - - location
        
        epidermis of cell
      - facilitates gas exchange
      - transpiration
    - - location
        
        leaves and stem
      - function
        
        secretion of metabolities
      - hair
  - - - outside vascular bundle
      - below epidermis
    - - transport nutrition
  - - - transport water
      - xylem vessels
      - Tracheids
    - - food produced from photosynthesis
      - sieve tissue
      - companion cells
    - - transport
        
        minerals
        
        water
- - - - anaphase I
      - metaphase I
      - telophase I
      - prophase I
    - - metaphase II
        
        anaphase II
        
        prophaseII
        
        telophase II
  - - - Testes
        
        gametes
        
        sperm
        
        haploid male
      - ovary
        
        egg
        
        Haploid
        
        Female gates
    - - Antenna of the stamen
        
        Haploid male
      - Ovule of ovary
        
        Haploid female
- - - - Synthesis
      - Replication of DNA
    - - Cell grow
      - Cell synthesis
      - Produce protein
    - - Cell grow
      - Protein synthesis
      - DNA replication
- - - - Acetyl cycle
        
        kerbs cycle
  - - - Lactic acid or ethanol
- - - - pistill
        
        Female
        
        stigma
        
        connect one ore more ovule
        
        style
        
        connect the stigma to the ovary
        
        ovary
        
        develops fruits
        
        ovule
        
        contain egg nucleus
      - Stamen
        
        Anther
        
        produce pollen grain
        
        Filament
        
        support to anther
    - - petals
      - sepals
  - - - drift in wind
        
        example : daisy seeds
      - wing like structure
        
        example : shorea fruit
      - fly or glide
        
        example : lime seeds
      - pods by winds
        
        example : primrose seeds
    - - light and float
        
        example : willow seeds
      - waterproof
        
        example : coconut
    - - Fruits with fleshy and juice
        
        example : grass seeds
    - - fruits with explosive action
        
        example : durian fruits
      - fruits open without explosive action
        
        example : african tulip
    - - large, round and heavy fruits
        
        example : durian fruit
  - - - seed to seeding is germination
    - - Air
      - water
      - warmth
- - - - leaf
      - Sucker
      - under ground leaf
        
        rizhome
        
        example - ginger
        
        bulb
        
        example - onion
        
        corm
        
        example- crocus
        
        tuber
        
        potato
        
        runner
        
        example- pepper mint
- - - - destroying bacteria
    - - protect cell
    - - regulates entrance
    - - chromosome
        
        control cellactivities
    - - mitochondria
        
        respiration