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Botany: Spring 2020, Chapter 21: Vascular Plants without Seeds #, Chapter…

- - - - Upright stems
      - Short cylinders, no leaves
      - Branches of equal size and vigor
    - - Protostele
        
        Solid mass of xylem
      - Endarch Protostele
        
        Inner
        
        Protoxylem
        
        Outer
        
        Metaxylem
      - Exarch Protostele
        
        Opposite of Endarch
      - Siphonostele
        
        Pith in the center #
  - - - Small or long thin scales
      - Increase photosynthetic surface area
- - - - Leaves evolved from branched systems
    - - Telomes
      - Planation
      - Webbing
      - Sporophyll
  - - - Single main trunk
    - - Unequal branching
        
        One stem is more vigorous
- - - - Strobili
        
        Clustered compact groups
    - - Microgametophytes & megagametophytes
  - - - Enations of Lycophytes
- - - - Single unbranched axis
      - Bears microsporophylls
  - - - Proembryo
        
        Develop into the embryo
- - - - Hole for sperm to swim to egg
- - - - Causes Mutation
- - - - Plant's own pollen fertilizes ownself
  - - - Self pollenate to keep pure
      - Homozygous Recessive
  - - - Parents
    - - First Gen. from Parents
    - - Parent and F1
    - - Identical Alleles
    - - Two different Alleles
- - - - Chromatids Remain Together
    - - Duplicate of Wild Type
    - - More than two sets of Chromosomes
    - - Multiple Copies
  - - - Green Zygotes
    - - White, Red or Orange Spots
    - - Zygote gets all its plastid and mitochondria from Maternal
    - - Genes are Transmitted Equally
    - - Progeny gets Mutant Plastids
- - - - Sclereids
      - Fibers
    - - Tracheids
      - Vessel Elements
- - - - H2O/Minerals
    - - Sugars/Minerals
- - - - End separates and acts as an individual
- - - - Stamens & carpals
      - Produce spores
      - Lack of an essential organ
        
        Imperfect Flower
      - Flower with both
        
        Perfect Flower
    - - Sepals & petals
    - - Species that may produce either
        
        Staminate flowers
        
        Carpellate flowers
    - - Staminate flowers on same plant as carpellate flowers
  - - - Radially symmetrical
    - - Bilaterally symmetrical
    - - Adapt for insects
  - - - Chemical reactions btw pollen & carpals
      - Also blocks inbreeding
  - - - No fusion
      - Ovary is above flower parts
    - - Upward around ovary
      - Epigynous flower parts
    - - Perigynous flower parts
      - Partially buried
  - - - Pollination of the carpel from the same flower
- - - - Generative cell
        
        Two sperm cells
      - Pollen tube
        
        Germinated pollen grain
        
        Grows toward the style/ovary
      - Vegetative cell
    - - Embryo sac
        
        Central cell
        
        W/ Two polar nuclei
        
        Three antipodal cells
        
        Egg apparatus
        
        Two synergids
        
        Egg/Megagamete
  - - - Fusion of protoplast & gametes
    - - Fusion of nuclei
    - - Endosperm
  - - - Point were other parts are attached
    - - Contain
        
        Petals
        
        Above the sepals
        
        Corolla
        
        Sepal and Petals
        
        Perianth
        
        Stamens
        
        Above the petals
        
        Androecium
        
        Two parts
        
        Anther
        
        Pollen production
        
        Filament
        
        Stalk
        
        Microsporocytes
        
        Meiosis
        
        Microspores
        
        Tapetum
        
        Nurse Cells
        
        Pollen
        
        Mature Microspores
        
        Sepals
        
        Lowermost/outermost
        
        Modified leaves
        
        Protect the bud
        
        All referred to as
        
        Calyx
        
        Carpels
        
        Gynoecium
        
        Highest level of receptacle
        
        Three parts
        
        Style
        
        Elevates the stigma
        
        Ovary
        
        Megaspore production
        
        Placentae
        
        Inside the ovary
        
        Tissue that bear Ovules
        
        Ovules
        
        Furniculus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Central mass of parenchyma
        
        1 more item...
        
        Megasporocytes
        
        1 more item...
        
        Stigma
        
        Catches pollen grains
        
        Pistil
    - - Stalk
    - - Lacks Petals
  - - - Albuminous seed
    - - Exalbuminous
  - - - Eggs
      - Sperm
      - Syngamy/Fertilization
        
        Fuse with other gametes
      - Haploid animal cell
    - - Diploid cell
      - Fertilized Egg
    - - Sporophytes
        
        Diploid
    - - Haploid plant cell
      - Mitosis
        
        Gametophyte
        
        Syngamy
        
        Diploid sporophyte
    - - Mammalian gametes
        
        Microgametes
        
        Microgametophytes
        
        Microspores
        
        Megagametes
        
        Megagametophytes
        
        Megaspores
      - Two different individuals
      - Two types of spores
        
        Heterospory
    - - Alternation of Generations
        
        Sporophytes and gametophytes
      - Gametophytes do NOT resemble sporophytes
        
        Heteromorphic Generations
  - - - Mature ovary
    - - Exocarp
        
        Skin/peel
      - Mesocarp
        
        Middle layer/flesh
      - Endocarp
        
        Pit
    - - One, two or all three layers
- - - - Contain nonovarian tissue
    - - Contain ovary tissue
  - - - Dehiscent
        
        Break open and release seed
      - Indehiscent
        
        Do NOT break open and release seed
    - - Tomato,Apple,Cherry,Squash,Citrus
- - - - Lower ones open first
    - - Terminal flower opens first then the lower ones
- - - - Body
      - No root, stems and leaves
    - - No guard cells
      - Rich in Chlorophyll
    - - Flat/Ribbon like
      - Heart Shape
    - - Umbrella shaped outgrowth
    - - Resemble Mosses
    - - Radiating fingers that project out and downward
  - - - Spring shape walls
      - Sporangium Opens
        
        Uncoils
        
        Spores release
- - - - Gametophores
        
        Leafy Stem
    - - Hydroids
        
        Innermost Cortex Cells
        
        Conduct Water and Dissolve Minerals
      - Leptoids
        
        Sieve Cells
      - Rhizoids
        
        Small
        
        Multicellular trichome-like structures
        
        Anchor the stem
    - - Protonema
        
        Branched Network
        
        Chlorophyllous Cells
    - - Antheridia
        
        Sperms Produced
      - Archegonia
        
        Egg Cells
  - - - Basal Cell
        
        Bulbous Tissue
    - - Apical Sporangium
    - - Stalk
      - Between foot and capsule
    - - Lid
    - - Cell Breakage
      - One or two rows
    - - Covers the apex of the sporangium
- - - - Purposefully change Alleles
    - - Event in which organism cannot adapt
    - - Survival of the Fittest
      - More Offspring
      - Lack of Diversity
    - - Purpose, Intention, Planning, and Voluntary Decision Making
        
        Not part of Natural Selection
      - Best Alleles stay
    - - Existing alleles Decrease
      - New alleles increase
- - - - Prezygotic Isolation
        
        Prevent pollen from plant to plant
      - Sympatric Speciation
        
        Two groups become isolated, grow together
      - Biological Phenomenon that prevents Gene flow
      - Postzygotic Internal Isolation
        
        Subpopulations can no longer interbreed
        
        Hybrid Sterility
        
        Seeds produce sterile Plant
        
        Hybrid Inviability
        
        Zygot or Embryo Die Early
    - - Founder Individual
        
        Two sets of Alleles
      - Genetic Drift
        
        Erratical Change in gene pool
      - Many new species, short period of time
    - - Allopatric
        
        Geographic Speciation
        
        Occurrence of Speciation
      - Physical non-living feature
        
        Prevents exchange of genes
  - - - Wind
      - Floods
      - Fur or Feathers
    - - Thousands of Combinations
    - - Birds
      - Insects
      - Wind
- - - - Oxygen Addition from Photosynthesis
  - - - No limit
        
        Due to Lack od O2
    - - Gamma Radiation
      - Heat
    - - Second Atmosphere
        
        Gases of rock matrix
      - Reducing
        
        Lack of Molecular Oxygen
- - - - Water loss to Humidity
    - - Water loss through Cuticle
    - - Water content that Changes with Habitat
    - - Hydrogen bonding breaking and water column breaks
    - - Space between the Break
  - - - Force on one molecule acts on neighboring one
    - - Interact with other substances
  - - - Water and Nutrients transported from
    - - Sugar to Sieve elements
    - - Monosaccharides to disaccharides
    - - Conducting cell and Companion cells
    - - Sugars/Nutrients by phloem per hour
    - - Cross-section area of Phloem
    - - Phloem Sap
- - - - Provascular Tissue
    - - Comes from Pith
  - - - Perpendicular to Cambium's Surface
    - - Parallel to the Circumference of Cambium
  - - - Tracheids, Vessel Elements, Fibers
    - - Sieve Cells, Sieve Tube Members, Companion Cells, Fibers
  - - - Vertical
    - - Horizontal
- - - - Phellogen
      - Phelloderm
      - Phellem
    - - Outside Inner most Cork Cambium
    - - Secondary Phloem and Innermost Cork Cambium
- - - - Fusiform Initials
    - - Ray Initials
    - - Lots of Fiber
    - - Little to No Fiber
  - - - Spring/Summer
    - - Fall/Winter
  - - - Inner Dark Region
    - - Lighter Moist Outer Region
- - - - Inside cell
    - - Outside Cell
  - - - Atmospheric to usable Compound
  - - - Modified Parasitic Roots
- - - - Mitotic Division
  - - - Allow Absorption of Minerals
    - - Water Pressure
- - - - Embryonic Root
      - Present in Seed
    - - Branch Roots
        
        Grow from Taproot
        
        Grow more Lateral Roots
  - - - Only zone of Maturation
    - - Just behind Cap & Root Meristem
      - Cell division and expansion
    - - Secrete Mucigel
- - - - Backbones
  - - - Extension of Petiole
  - - - Angiosperms and Eudicots
    - - Monocots
- - - - Full of Chloroplast
      - Up to 3-4 Layers Thick
    - - Arenchyma
      - Diffuse CO2 From Stomata
  - - - Most important
      - Sugar to Phloem
      - Water to Xylem
  - - - Water Loss
  - - - Vascular Bundles
    - - Two Small Flaps
      - Base of Periole