Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Course Mind Map, Chapter 22- Seed Plants 1: Seed plants Without Flowers…

- - - - simple
        
        pollen cone
        
        single unbranched axis
      - complex.
        
        Compound cones
        
        shoot with auxiliary bud
    - - Long Shoots
        
        Tiny Papery Leaves
      - Short Shoots
        
        long needle leaves
- - - - Angiosperms
        
        Flowering Plants with Carpels
      - GymnoSperms
        
        "Naked Ovules"
- - - - hole in integument that permitted sperm cells to swim to the egg
    - - layer of tissue
    - - Where microspores settled, or held.
- - - - high to low concentration
      - osmosis
        
        diffusion through membrane
        
        3 types of membranes
        
        completely impermeable
        
        nothing passes through
        
        selectively permeable
        
        certain substances diffuse
        
        freely permeable
        
        all solutes diffuse
      - molecular pump
        
        uses ATP
        
        active transport
- - - - eaten by bacteria
        
        uses oxygen
        
        can suffocate fish
- - - - pulls away from wall
      - if pulls completely away from wall
        
        cell becomes plasmolyzed
- - - - P-protein plug
      - callose
      - P-protein
- - - - any force acting upon
        
        acts on neighboring molecules
    - - water molecules interact
        
        with other substances
- - - - 4
        
        broadening diet if high yield is scarce
        
        energy yield of prey
        
        some prey will always be eaten
        
        probability of plant being eaten
        
        depends on other plants
  - - - hunting
      - fishing
  - - - organism restricts other organism
    - - causes problems for native species
    - - organism consumes shared resource
    - - not actually competing
- - - - size of a community
- - - - then moves
- - - - spruce, fig
- - - - guard cells
    - - simple apical meristem
    - - layer of cells from archegonium
    - - narrow stalk between foot and sporangium
    - - caplike lid
    - - small bulbous tissue
  - - - protonema
        
        network of cells
      - starts as a spore
      - develops long, slender chlorophyllus cell
    - - gametophores
        
        tightly packed
        
        more open & loose in cool areas
        
        grow close together
        
        grow from apical meristem
        
        leafy stems
    - - gametophore produces gametangia
        
        archegonia
        
        megagametangia produces eggs
        
        antheridia
        
        microgametangia produces sperm
    - - leptoids
        
        cells resemble sieve cells
      - hydroids
        
        typically occur in polytrichae family
        
        conduct water, dissolves minerals
      - rhizoids
        
        base of the sten
- - - - once chamber is broken by growth
        
        antheridium are revealed
      - archegonia is surrounded
      - grow in a chamber
- - - - umbrella shaped outgrowth
    - - flat and leafy
      - thicker body
      - thallus
        
        body
      - air pores
    - - look like mosses
    - - fingers
  - - - seta
      - calyptra
      - foot
    - - single, elongated cells
- - - - Undergo Mitosis
        
        Develop new haploid plant cell
      - Sporophyte Phase/Sporophyte generation
      - sporophytes always diploid
  - - - above are petals
        
        above petals are stamens or "androecium"
        
        2 parts
        
        anthers
        
        where pollen is produced
        
        filaments
        
        male part
        
        together form the corolla
      - where flower parts attach
        
        perianth
        
        sepals and petals form
    - - lowest/outermost floral appendages
      - calyx
        
        all sepals together
    - - Have three main parts
        
        Ovary
        
        ovules
        
        nucellus
        
        inside ovary/placenta
        
        megaspores are produced here
        
        Style
        
        elevates the stigma to useful position
        
        Stigma
        
        catches pollen grains
      - gynoecium
        
        located at the highest level
    - - the flower stalk
  - - - endocarp
        
        tough like stones
      - mesocarp
        
        middle layer/flesh
      - exocarp
        
        outer layer
      - pericarp
        
        entire fruit wall
  - - - coenocytic and cellular tissue
      - supplies nutrients
    - - plasmogamy and karyogamy
    - - contains 3 full gene sets
  - - - embryonic root
    - - root/shoot junction
    - - abundant mature seed
    - - embryonic system
    - - integuments that surround the nucellus
    - - sparse/absent maturity
- - - - partially buried ovaries
    - - receptacle tissues grow upward
    - - above other flowering parts
  - - - flowers become adapted for visitation
  - - - lifecycle
        
        4.carpellate sporophytes
        
        2.megagametophytes
        
        1.micrgametophytes
        
        3.staminate sporophytes
      - marijuana
      - willows
      - papaya
      - dates
      - carpellate flowers
    - - staminate flowers
        
        cattails
        
        corn
        
        ears
        
        clusters of fertilized carpellate flowers
    - - do not produce spores
    - - imperfect flowers
    - - perfect flower
  - - - prevent pollen growth
  - - - have stamens/carpels
- - - - Dehiscent
        
        open and release seeds
      - not typically eaten
    - - indehiscent
        
        animals chew/digest
  - - - strawberry
  - - - apple
- - - - genetically diverse species = greater chance of survival #
- - - - broken parts form roots and become independent
      - most common
- - - - shorter
      - more or less cuboidal
    - - long, tapered cells
      - anticlinal wall
      - periclinal wall
  - - - regular horizontal rows
    - - irregular horizontal pattern
- - - - wood
        
        hardwoods
        
        large amounts of fibers
        
        softwoods
        
        few to no fibers
    - - derived from fusiform initials
    - - develops from ray initials
    - - upright cells
      - procumbent cells
      - parenchyma cells
      - tracheid cells
  - - - spring
    - - summer
- - - - outer bark
    - - secondary phloem
- - - - storage parenchyma increases
    - - secondary vascular bundles
    - - when 2 sides grow
      - thin flat woody ribbon
  - - - increase in width and roots
- - - - glandular cells
      - transfer cells
      - chlorenchyma cells
  - - - water transport
- - - - decussate
        
        4 rows
      - spiral
        
        slightly to the side
      - distichous
        
        2 rows
- - - - thick walls
  - - - protected
        
        low temps
        
        drying action by wind
  - - - modified leaves
        
        auxiliary buds
  - - - palisade parenchyma, spongy mesophyll
  - - - trap and digest insects
- - - - main photosynthetic tissue
    - - open loose aerenchyma
      - CO2 diffuses rapidly
  - - - lateral veins
        
        minor veins
  - - - protect shoot apical meristem
- - - - leaflets
- - - - form leaf primordial
- - - - causes mutations
    - - splices into dna
      - transposition
    - - code proteins
  - - - position
      - extent
      - nature
- - - - parents
      - offsprings
        
        F1 first filial generation
        
        interbreed
        
        F2
    - - 2 different alleles/ gene
    - - 2 identical alleles/ gene
    - - neither allele is expressed
  - - - difficult to know genotype
    - - with homozygous recessive
    - - homozygous recessive
- - - - crossing over homologous chromosomes
      - recombination of alleles
- - - - plants with more than 2 sets of chromosomes
    - - change in chromosome # per nucleus
    - - duplicate of wild-type
    - - multiple copies
- - - - lateral sporangia
      - xylem was an exarch protostele
      - sporangia opened transversely along top edge
  - - - simple bundle of xylem
      - equal dichotomous branching
      - central cells were sporogenous
      - epidermis with a cuticle
      - cortex of parenchyma
- - - - jointed structure
      - whorl of fused leaves at the nodes
  - - - delicate
      - leathery
    - - underside of leaf
  - - - summarizes megaphyll evolution
  - - - megaphylle
      - 30- kilobase inversion of plastid DNA
      - roots have exarch xylem
- - - - compact groups
      - protect the species
  - - - important differences
        
        large enations
        
        single developed trace of vascular tissue
    - - optimized lycophyte sporophytes
- - - - bacteria
        
        photoheterotrophs
    - - 4 ATPs produced
        
        2 ATPs consumed
      - Consequently: NADH accumulates
        
        animals
        
        NADH reacts with pyruvate
        
        Produces: lactate
        
        plants/fungi
        
        pyruvate converted to acetaldehyde
        
        NADH reacts with pyruvate
        
        Produces: ethanol
    - - microtubule assembly
      - ion transport
      - nucleic acid replication
      - protein synthesis
  - - - plants
        
        photoautotrophs
      - animals
        
        conventional heterotrophs
    - - turns pyruvate into ATP
  - - - produces: ATP/NADH
  - - - froms: acetyl CoA
        
        synthesis of carbohydrates
        
        citric acid cycle
- - - - that is warmed
  - - - vats have valves
        
        lets carbon dioxide out
        
        doesn't allow oxygen to enter
  - - - produces ethyl alcohol
        
        depressant
    - - lowers risk of heart disease
    - - drinking and driving
      - fetal alcohol syndrome
- - - - hypoxia (less oxygen)
      - anoxia (0 oxygen)
        
        most plant species die
    - - 5-25 degrees C
        
        doubles respiration
      - below 5 degrees C
        
        decreases greatly
      - above 30 degrees C
        
        increases but not as rapidly
      - above 40 degrees C
        
        slows greatly
- - - - high energy phosphate
        
        force phosphate onto ADP
        
        =ATP
    - - all parts of plant at all times
    - - involves light energy
  - - - NAD+ & NADP+
    - - NADH & NADPH
- - - - CO2 in
      - H2O out
    - - retains water
      - CO2 is not used
- - - - plants absorb some colors better
        
        it is absorbed by chlorophyll
        
        accessory pigments
        
        absorb light not caught by chlorophyll
  - - - 3 phosphoglycerate
        
        enzyme RUBISCO carries it out
        
        reduced by NADPH
        
        3-phoshphoglyceraldehyde
- - - - large dead cells
  - - - they contract
        
        so stem is pulled downward
- - - - cells are more resistant
  - - - increases water absorption
      - increases mineral absorption
    - - epidermis to vascular tissue
- - - - protects apical meristem
      - mucigel
        
        lubricates passage of root
    - - division and expansion
    - - root hairs
- - - - change allele frequency
    - - factors not natural selection
        
        intention
        
        planning
        
        purpose
        
        voluntary decision
      - most significant factor
- - - - abiological reproductive barrier
        
        physical, nonliving feature
        
        prevents exchange of genes
      - geographic speciation
        
        speciation results
        
        allopatric
    - - biological reproductive barrier
        
        biological phenomenon prevents gene flow
        
        hybrid sterility
      - sympatric speciation
        
        reproductively isolated
        
        grow together
    - - species rapidly diverge
      - founder individuals
        
        offspring resembles the first
      - genetic drift
        
        gene pool changes erratically
- - - - second atmosphere
      - early second atmosphere
        
        reducing atmosphere
    - - heat
      - electricity
      - sun
- - - - aspects of habitat that a plant constitute its operational habitat
  - - - growing season
        
        determined by first and last killing frost
      - tolerance range
      - critically important for all organisms
    - - formed by rock breakdown
      - A horizon
        
        uppermost layer
        
        zone of leaching
      - B horizon
        
        next layer
        
        zone of deposition
      - pioneers
        
        first plant invade new soil
      - C horizon
        
        next layer
        
        composed of parent rock and rock fragments
    - - latitude
        
        angular distance north or south of equator
      - altitude
        
        height of anything above a planetary reference plane
        
        sea level
    - - natural phenomenas
        
        snow avalanches
        
        floods
        
        landslides
        
        fire
  - - - competition
        
        disadvantageous interaction
      - mutualism
        
        beneficial interaction for both organisms
      - niche
        
        function of the plant/animal in a community
      - competitive exclusion
        
        species less adapted will be excluded from ecosystem
    - - predation
        
        one species benefits and one is harmed
      - pathogenic
        
        bacteria and fungi
      - commensal relationships
        
        one species benefits the other is unaffected
        
        common between plants and animals
    - - can modify the habitat
        
        can be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral to the species
- - - - disturbances #
      - typically annuals or small shrubbery perineals
    - - Douglas firs, bristle cone pines
      - population close to carrying capacity
      - crowded habitat
  - - - ability for plant species to spread throughout geographic area
      - limiting factors
        
        limits distribution
        
        limits abundance
        
        factor determines plant health
        
        limits growth
    - - random distribution
        
        no obvious identifiable pattern
      - uniform distribution
        
        evenly spread
        
        tree orchards
      - clumped distribution
        
        spacing in between plants is small or large
        
        rarely average
- - - - relation to environment
  - - - climate is mild or stressful
      - species tolerance range is broad or narrow
      - rich or poor soil
    - - = more niches
  - - - herbivores
    - - fungi
      - bacteria
      - breaks down remains of organisms
    - - bottom of food web/pyramid
      - autotrophs
    - - carnivores