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Digestive and Urinary Systems Abigail Pratt P.4 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary Systems Abigail Pratt P.4
Major Functions
Digestive
Digestion and absorption. Digestion is the breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body.
Urinary
The urinary system eliminates waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH.
Major Organs
Digestive
Salivary glands.
Help lubricate parts of digestive system, saliva begins break down of carbohydrates
Pharynx.
Aid in the process of swallowing, serves as a pathway for the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus
Esophagus.
A long, thin, and muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. It forms an important piece of the gastrointestinal tract and functions as the conduit for food and liquids that have been swallowed into the pharynx to reach the stomach
Stomach.
Secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. Ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.
Small Intestine.
Where 90% of the digestion and absorption of food occurs, the other 10% taking place in the stomach and large intestine. The main function is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food.
Large Intestine.
Recovery of water and electrolytes, formation and storage of feces and fermentation of some of the indigestible food matter by bacteria.
Rectum.
The rectum is a straight, 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus.
Accessory digestive organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Aid the processes of ingestion, digestion, and absorption. These accessory organs of digestion play key roles in the digestive process. Each of these organs either secretes or stores substances that pass through ducts into the alimentary canal.
Urinary
Kidneys
Make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from blood.
Ureters
Tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. There are two ureters, one attached to each kidney. The upper half of the ureter is located in the abdomen and the lower half is located in the pelvic area.
Bladder
A muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone. When empty, the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear. The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled.
Urethra
A duct that transmits urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body during urination. The urethra is held closed by the urethral sphincter, a muscular structure that helps keep urine in the bladder until voiding can occur.
Digestive Enzymes
Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin, produced in the pancreas. Trypsin also breaks down proteins.
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. It is used to break apart fats.
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas. They are enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
Bile salts are bile acids that help to break down fat. Bile acids are made in the liver. After eating, bile is secreted into the intestine, where it breaks down the fats
Macromolecule Digestion and Absorption
Break-down of most macromolecules begins in the mouth and stomach. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats continues in the small intestine. Starch and glycogen are broken down into maltose by small intestine enzymes. Proteases are enzymes secreted by the pancreas that continue the breakdown of protein into small peptide fragments and amino acids.
Layers of GI Tract
The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer - the adventitia. The structure of these layers varies, in different regions of the digestive system, depending on their function
Nephrons
Each nephron consists of a blood supply and a specialized network of ducts called a tubule. For each nephron, an afferent arteriole feeds a high-pressure capillary bed called the glomerulus. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus to produce a fluid which is caught by the nephron tubule, called filtrate.
Urinary Disorders
Interstitial Cystitis
Kidney Stones
Incontinence (inability to control urine flow)
Kidney Failure
Cancers of the Urinary Tract
Urinary Tract Infections
Digestive Disorders
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
When stomach acid backs up into the esophagus
Gallstones
Hard deposits that form in the gallbladder. Gallstones can form when there’s too much cholesterol or waste in your bile, or if your gallbladder doesn’t empty properly. Medications sometimes dissolve gallstones, but if that doesn’t work, the next step is surgery to remove the gallbladder.
Celiac Disease
A serious sensitivity to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Eat gluten, and your immune system goes on the attack: It damages your villi, the finger-like protrusions in your small intestines that help you absorb nutrients from the foods you eat.
Crohn’s Disease
Most commonly affects the terminal ileum, which connects the end of the small bowel and the beginning of the colon, but it can affect any part of the digestive tract. Doctors aren't sure what causes the disease, but it's thought that genetics and family history may play a part.
Ulcerative Colitis
Another inflammatory bowel disease, the immune system mistakes food or other materials for invaders, sores or ulcers develop in the colon’s lining.