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Chapter 26 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 26
Predator-Prey interactions
predator selection among multiple prey
factors in predation
can it be digested
probability of encounter
is it worth the trouble
optimal foraging theory
why herbivores eat certain plants
optimal diet model
energy per handling time
depending factor
what can be eaten
animal abundance
Competition between species
invasive species
increase density from a very low population
involved in new communities
interference competition
dead leaves blocking sunlight
organism restricts the other without benefit
Apparent Competition
affects predation on other plants
plants increase decreasing another
exploitation competition
consumption makes organism less available
organism is consumed
one predator, one prey
dN/dt=rN-aNP
dN/dt approaches zero is called zero growth isocline
paradox of enrichment
loss of species through imporvement
overabundance
resources
limit the growth rate
substances that lead to growth rate
N depends on the lowest resources needed
predator=prey
high stable populations while harvesting
fixed quota harvest
fixed effort harvesting
maximum sustained yield
functional response
feeding rates
prey-dependent
dependent on prey density
handling time
does not depend on prey density
time it takes to consume prey
Diversity
Measuring diversity
impossible to study all at once
observe several organisms at once
checklist
latitude
the farther from the equator the less diversity
time for organisms increase diversity
benign environments near equator
scale
species-area relationship
larger areas have more diversity
species abundance distribution
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
Facilitation
organism facilitates the presence of the other
primary succession
pioneer species are facilitators
organisms on newly created substrates
contributing organic material
nurse plants
improves seed survival
benefit plants around them
Production costs are present in interactions
natural selection can create cost-free interactions
minimizing costs
mutualism
both parties benefit
mutualism relationships
pollinators and flowers
community
the community present determines if a species is invasive
climax community
group of species in the same time and place
communities change when barriers of location and time exist
different latitudes will have different species
succession
predicted sequence of change
organisms alter habitat
small communities in a large one
presence of humans
community restoration
reintroducing important species
harmonious involvment
removing communities
habitat loss
habitat fragmentation
Interconnectedness of Species
keystone species
important species that affect structure of community
difficult to determine without absence
impact on number of individuals present
Food Chains
direct line of prey
one predator
Food Webs
numerous interactions
energy flow web
multiple prey and predator combinations
Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
metapopulations
several populations interacting together
interconnected by migration and gene flow
common model assumtions
different occupations
many discrete patches
extinction happens within individual patches
fugative species
weeds grow, move, and then die in the previous patch
flow of occupied to empty
source habitat to sink habitat
dispersal of seed
migration corridors
