Geography_11_INDIA-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Geography_11_I-PE_Chapter 01: INDIA-LOCATION
INDIA
MAP
SIZE
INDIA & ITS NEIGHBOURS
Geography_11_I-PE_Chapter 02: STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
THREE GEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS
- THE PENINSULAR BLOCK
2.THE HIMALAYAS AND OTHER PENINSULAR MOUNTAINS
3.INDO-GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA PLAIN
PHYSIOGRAPHY
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
THE NORTHERN AND NORTH-EASTERN MOUNTAINS
THE NORTHERN PLAINS
THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU
THE INDIAN DESERT
THE COASTAL PLAINS
THE ISLANDS
THE GREAT HIMALAYAS & SHIVALIK
- KASHMIR OR NORTHWESTERN HIMALAYAS
- HIMACHAL AND UTTARANCHAL HIMALAYAS
- DARJILING AND SIKKIM HIMALAYAS
- ARUNACHAL HIMALAYAS
- EASTERN HILLS AND MOUNTAINS
From the
north to the south, these can be divided into three major zones:
THE TARAI
ALLUVIAL PLAINS
THE DECCAN PLATEAU
THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
THE NORTHEASTERN PLATEAU
On the basis of the orientation, the desert can
be divided into two parts
THE SOUTHERN TOWARDS THE RANN OF KACHCHH
On the basis of the location and
active geomorphological processes, it can be
broadly divided into two
THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS
ISLANDS IN BAY OF BENGAL
ISLANDS IN ARABIAN SEA
Geography_11_I-PE_Chapter 03: DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DRAINAGE BRIEF
INDIAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
ON THE BASIS OF ORIENTATION OF DISCHARGE OF WATER
THE BAY OF BENGAL DRAINAGE
THE ARABIAN SEA DRAINAGE
ON THE BASIS OF SIZE OF WATERSHED
MAJOR RIVER BASINS WITH MORE THAN 20,000 SQ.KM OF CATCHMENT AREA
MEDIUM RIVER BASINS WITH CATCHMENT AREA BETWEEN 2,000-20,000 SQ.KM
MINOR RIVER BASINS WITH CATCHMENT AREA LESS THAN 2,000 SQ.KM
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS OF INDIA
THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
THE PENINSULAR DRAINAGE SYSTEM
EVOLUTION OF HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
THE RIVER SYSTEMS OF HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
THE INDUS SYSTEM
THE BRAHMAPUTRA SYSTEM
THE EVOLUTION OF PENINSULAR DRAINGAE
THE RIVER SYSTEMS OF PENINSULAR DRAINAGE
THE MAHANADI
THE GODAVARI
THE KRISHNA
THE KAVERI
THE NARMADA
THE TAPI
THE LUNI
SMALL RIVERS FLOWING TOWARDS THE WEST
SMALL RIVERS FLOWING TOWARDS THE EAST
RIVER REGIMES
EXTENT OF USABILITY OF RIVER WATER
PROBLEMS IN USING RIVER WATER
- NO AVAILABILITY IN SUFFICIENT QUANTITY
- RIVER WATER POLLUTION
- LOAD OF SILT IN THE RIVER WATER
- UNEVEN SEASONAL FLOW OF WATER
- RIVER WATER DISPUTES BETWEEN STATES
SHRINKING OF CHANNELS DUE TO THE EXTENSION OF SETTLEMENTS TOWARDS THE THALWEG
Geography_11_I-PE_Chapter 04: CLIMATE
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
UNITY AND DIVERSITY IN THE MONSOON CLIMATE
FACTORS DETERMINING THE CLIMATE OF INDIA
FACTORS RELATED TO LOCATION AND RELIEF
FACTORS RELATED TO AIR PRESSURE AND WIND
LATITUDE
THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS
DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER
DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
ALTITUDE
RELIEF
MECHANISM OF WEATHER IN THE WINTER SEASON
SURFACE PRESSURE & WINDS
JET STREAM & UPPER AIR CIRCULATION
WESTERN CYCLONIC DISTURBANCE & TROPICAL CYCLONES
MECHANISM OF WEATHER IN SUMMER SEASON
SURFACE PRESSURE & WINDS
JET STREAM & UPPER AIR CIRCULATION
EASTERLY JET STREAMS & TROPICAL CYCLONES
ITCZ
NATURE OF INDIAN MONSOON
ONSET OF THE MONSOON
RAIN BEARING SYSTEMS & RAINFALL
BREAK IN THE MONSOON
EL NINO & THE INDIAN MONSOON
THE RHYTHM OF SEASONS
THE COLD WEATHER SEASON
THE HOT WEATHER SEASON
THE SOUTHWEST MONSOON SEASON
THE RETREATING MONSOON SEASON
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE AND WINDS
RAINFALL
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE AND WINDS
MONSOON WINDS OF THE ARABIAN SEA
FAMOUS LOCAL STORMS OF HOT WEATHER SEASON
- MANGO SHOWER
- BLOSSOM SHOWER
- NOR WESTERS
- LOO
MONSOON WINDS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF MONSOONAL RAINFALL
TRADITIONAL INDIAN SEASONS
VASANTA
GRISHMA
VARSHA
SHARADA
HEMANTA
SHISHIRA
MARCH-APRIL
MAY-JUNE
JULY AUGUST
SEPT-OCT
NOV-DEC
JAN FEB
DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL
CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA
KOEPPEN'S SCHEME
MONSOONS & ECONOMIC LIFE IN INDIA
GLOBAL WARMING
Geography_11_I-PE_Chapter 05: NATURAL VEGETATION
TYPES OF FORESTS
TROPICAL EVERGREEN AND SEMI FORESTS
TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS
TROPICAL THORN FORESTS
MONTANE FORESTS
LITTORAL AND SWAMP FORESTS
FOREST COVER IN INDIA
FOREST CONSERVATION
WILDLIFE
FIRST POLICY
BIOSPHERE RESERVE
SOCIAL FORESTRY
FARM FORESTRY
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN INDIA
LIST DOWN 14
FOUR BIOSPHERE RESERVES RECOGNIZED BY UNESCO
NILGIRI
NANDA DEVI
SUNDERBANS
GULF OF MANNAR
Geography_11_I-PE_Chapter 06: SOILS
CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
SOIL DEGRADATION
ACCORDING TO INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (ICAR)
INCEPTISOLS
ENTISOLS
ALFISOLS
VERTISOLS
ARIDISOLS
ULTISOLS
MOLLISOLS
OTHERS
ON THE BASIS OF GENESIS, COLOR, COMPOSITION & LOCATION
ALLUVIAL SOILS
BLACK SOILS
RED & YELLOW SOILS
LATERITE SOILS
ARID SOILS
SALINE SOILS
PEATY SOILS
FOREST SOILS
SOIL EROSION
SOIL CONSERVATION
Geography_11_I-PE_Chapter 07: NATURAL HAZARDS & DISASTERS
WHAT IS DISASTER?
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL DISASTERS
ATMOSPHERIC
TERRESTRIAL
AQUATIC
BIOLOGICAL
YOKAHAMA STRATEGY
NATURAL DISASTERS AND HAZARDS IN INDIA
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKE ZONES OF INDIA
- VERY HIGH DAMAGE RISK ZONE
- HIGH DAMAGE RISK ZONE
- MODERATE DAMAGE RISK ZONE
- LOW DAMAGE RISK ZONE
- VERY LOW DAMAGE RISK ZONE
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKES
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
ON GROUND
ON MANMADE STRUCTURES
ON WATER
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION
TSUNAMI
TROPICAL CYCLONES
FLOODS
CONDITIONS
STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE IN INDIA
CONSEQUENCES OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
CONSEQUENCE & CONTROL OF FLOODS
DROUGHTS
TYPES
METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT
AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT
ECOLOGICAL DROUGHT
DROUGHT PRONE AREAS
EXTREME DROUGHT AFFECTED AREAS
SEVERE DROUGHT PRONE AREAS
MODERATE DROUGHT PRONE AREAS
CONSEQUENCES OF DROUGHT
LANDSLIDES
LANDSLIDE VULNERABILITY ZONE
VERY HIGH
HIGH
MODERATE TO LOW
OTHER AREAS
CONSEQUENCES OF LANDSLIDES
MITIGATION
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT BILL, 2005
CONCLUSION
THREE STAGES IN DISASTER MITIGATION & MANAGEMENT
- PRE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
2.DURING DISASTER MANAGEMENT
- POST DISASTER OPERATIONS
ABOUT INDIA LOCATION
INDIA'S TERRITORIAL LIMIT IN SEA 21.9 KM(12 NAUTICAL MILES) FROM THE COAST
SOUTHERN BOUNDARY 6°45' N LATITUDE IN BAY OF BENGAL
DISTANCE NORTH TO SOUTH 3214 KM DISTANCE EAST TO WEST 2933 KM
SOUTHERN PART IS IN TROPICS & NORTHERN PART IN SUBTROPICAL ZONE/WARM TEMPERATE ZONE
STANDARD MERIDIAN OF INDIA 82°30' E
IST= GMT- 5.5 HOURS
USA HAVE 7 TIME ZONES. INDIA HAVE 1.
AREA= 3.28 MILLION SQ. KM.
2.4% OF WORLD'S LAND SURFACE AREA
7TH LARGEST COUNTRY
MOUNTAIN PASSES
THE KHYBER
THE BOLAN
THE SHIPKILA
THE NATHULA
THE BOMDILA
COAST LINE 6100 KM IN MAIN LAND & 7517 KM ENTIRE INCLUDING ISLANDS
ISLAND COUNTRIES
SRI LANKA
MALDIVES
SEPARATED BY GULF OF MANNAR AND PALK STRAIT
CONSISTS OF CENTRAL, NORTH EASTERN PARTS AND SOUTHERN PART OF INDIA
RIFT VALLEYS OF THE NARMADA, THE TAPI AND THE MAHANADI AND THE SATPUTRA
CONSIST OF MOUNTAINS LIKE THE ARAVALI HILLS, THE NALLAMALA HILLS, THE JAVADI HILLS, THE VELICONDA HILLS, THE PALKONDA RANGE AND THE MAHENDRAGIRI HILLS ETC.
DELTAS FORMED BY THE MAHANADI, THE KRISHNA, THE KAVERI AND THE GODAVARI ETC.
SUBJECTED TO EXOGENIC AND ENDOGENIC FORCES RESULTING IN FAULTS, FOLDS AND THRUST PLAINS
TECTONIC IN ORIGIN
FAST FLOWING RIVERS ARE IN YOUTH AGE IN THIS REGION
PLAINS FORMED BY THE RIVER INDUS, THE GANGA AND THE BRAHMAPUTRA
AVERAGE DEPTH OF ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS 1000-2000 m
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF AN AREA IS THE OUTCOME OF STRUCTURE, PROCESS AND THE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH OF GREAT HIMALAYAN RANGE (CENTRAL AXIAL RANGE) IS 2500 KM FROM EAST TO WEST & 160-400 KM NORTH TO SOUTH
RANGES- KARAKORAM, LADAKH, ZASKAR AND PIR PANJAL
NORTHEAST PART IS COLD DESERT
KASHMIR AND DAL LAKE ARE BETWEEN THE GREAT HIMALAYAS AND THE PIR PANJAL RANGE
GLACIERS- BALTORO AND SIACHEN
KAREWA FORMATIONS USEFUL FOR CULTIVATION OF ZAFRAN (SAFFRON)
KAREWAS ARE THE THICK DEPOSITS OF GLACIAL CLAY AND OTHER MATERIALS EMBEDDED WITH MORAINES
IMPORTANT PASSES
Zoji La on the Great Himalayas
what is Gulf?
what is strait?
CONVERSIONS
1 Nautical mile = about 1.8 km (1.852 km)
1 Statute mile = about 1.6 km (1.584 km)
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LONGITUDES DECREASES TOWARDS THE POLES WHEREAS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LATITUDES REMAINS THE SAME EVERYWHERE
Banihal on the Pir Panjal
Photu La on the Zaskar
Khardung La on
the Ladakh range
IMPORTANT FRESH LAKES
Dal and Wular and salt water lakes
such as Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri
IMPORTANT RIVERS
Indus, and its tributaries such as the Jhelum
and the Chenab
IMPORTANT PILGRIMAGE
Vaishno Devi, Amarnath Cave, Charar -e-Sharif
SRINAGAR
located on the banks
of Jhelum river.
SOUTHERNMOST PART
longitudinal valleys known as ‘duns’
Jammu dun and Pathankot dun are important examples
LIES between the Ravi in the west and the Kali (a tributary of Ghaghara) in the east
RIVERS
THE INDUS
THE GANGA
Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj
the Yamuna and the Ghaghara
All the three ranges of
Himalayas
Great Himalayan range
the Lesser Himalayas (which is locally known as Dhaoladhar in Himachal Pradesh and Nagtibha
in Uttarakhand)
the Shiwalik range
attracted the British colonial
administration
important hill stations WERE DEVELOPED
Dharamshala, Mussoorie, Shimla, Kaosani
health resorts such as
Shimla, Mussoorie, Kasauli, Almora ,
Lansdowne and Ranikhet
TWO DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
SHIVALIK
DUN FORMATIONS
Chandigarh-Kalka dun, Nalagarh dun, Dehra
Dun, Harike dun and the Kota dun
Dehra Dun is the largest of all the duns
valleys are mostly inhabited by the
Bhotia’s ( nomadic groups)
‘Valley of flowers’ is also situated in this
region
PILGRIMAGE
Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, Badrinath
and Hemkund Sahib
known to have five famous Prayags (river confluences)
Vishnuprayag, Nandaprayag, Karnaprayag, Rudraprayag and Devprayag
Rivers
Tista
Mountain Peaks
KANCHENJUNGA
TRIBES
LEPCHA
TEA PLANTATION WAS INTRODUCED IN THIS AREA
CAUSES
high organic content
thick soil cover
moderate slope
well
distributed rainfall
mild winters
Duar formations
Important mountain peaks
Kangtu
Namcha Barwa
RIVERS
the Kameng
Bhramaputra
Subansiri
the Dihang
the Dibang
the Lohit
NUMEROUS TRIBES
the Monpa
Abor
Mishmi
Nyishi
the Nagas
communities practise Jhumming
known as shifting or slash and burn
cultivation
different local names
Patkai Bum
Naga hills
the Manipur hills
in the south as Mizo or Lushai hills
IMPORTANT RIVERS
The Barak
large lake known as ‘Loktak’
lake at the centre, surrounded by mountains
Mizoram which is also known
as the ‘Molassis basin’
MOST OF THE RIVERS IN NAGALAND FORM THE TRIBUTARY OF BRAHMAPUTRA
TWO RIVERS FROM MIZORAM AND MANIPUR ARE TRIBUTARIES OF THE BARAK RIVER WHICH IS TRIBUTARY OF MEGHNA
RIVERS IN EASTERN PART OF MANIPUR ARE THE TRIBUTARIES OF CHINDWIN WHICH IS A TRIBUTARY OF IRRAWADY OF MYANMAR
formed by the
alluvial deposits brought by the rivers – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
THE BHABAR
KHADAR
BHANGAR
OLD ALLUVAL DEPOSITS
NEW ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS
narrow belt ranging between
8-10 km
MADE UP OF MANY PATLAND PLATEAUS
the Hazaribagh
plateau, the Palamu plateau, the Ranchi plateau, the Malwa plateau, the Coimbatore plateau and the Karnataka plateau
The Bhima fault
RAVINES
CHAMBAL, BHIND AND MORENA
bordered by the Western Ghats in west, Eastern Ghats in east AND Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills in the north
Western Ghats are locally known
by different names
Sahyadri in
Maharashtra
Nilgiri hills in Karnataka
Nilgiri hills in Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu
Anaimalai hills and
Cardamom hills in Kerala
‘Anaimudi’ (2,695 m), the highest peak of Peninsular plateau is located on the Anaimalai
hills of the Western Ghats followed by Dodabetta
(2,637 m) on the Nilgiri hills.
RIVERS
the Mahanadi
the
Godavari
the Krishna
the Kaveri
RANGES
the Javadi hills
the Palconda range
the Nallamala hills
the Mahendragiri hills
The Eastern and the
Western Ghats meet each other at the Nilgiri hills.
The Satpura range
crescent-shaped sand dunes called barchans.
metamorphic
processes
metamorphic rocks such as marble, slate,
gneiss, etc.
Most of the
tributaries of the river Yamuna have their origin in the Vindhyan and Kaimur ranges
Banas is
the only significant tributary of the river Chambal that originates from the Aravalli in
the west
ARAVALI RANGE IN THE WEST
the Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong
plateau stand detached from the main Peninsular Block
The Meghalaya plateau
(ii) The Khasi Hills
(iii) The Jaintia Hills
(i) The Garo Hills
rich in mineral resources like coal, iron
ore, sillimanite, limestone and uranium
with longitudinal dunes
and barchans
arid
climate with low vegetation cover
because
of these characteristic features that this is also known as Marusthali
land features
present here are mushroom rocks, shifting dunes and oasis
The Luni river
The lakes and the playas have brackish
water which is the main source of obtaining salt.
THE NORTHERN PART SLOPING TOWARDS SINDH
THE WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS
Kandla,
Mazagaon, JLN port Navha Sheva, Marmagao, Mangalore, Cochin, etc. are some of the
important natural ports
the Kachchh AND Kathiawar coast in Gujarat
Konkan coast in
Maharashtra
Goan coast and Malabar coast
in Karnataka and Kerala respectively
The Malabar
coast has got certain distinguishing features in the form of ‘Kayals’ (backwaters), which
are used for fishing, inland navigation and also due to its special attraction for tourists
Every
year the famous Nehru Trophy Vallamkali (boat race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in
Kerala.
WELL DEVELOPED DELTAS
the deltas of the Mahanadi, the
Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri
consist of about 572 islands/islets
two principal groups of islets
the Ritchie’s archipelago
the Labrynth island
The entire group of island is divided into two broad categories
the
Andaman in the north
Nicobar in the
south.
They are separated by a waterbody
which is called the Ten degree channel
Barren island, the only active volcano in India
is also situated in the Nicobar islands.
IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN PEAKS
Saddle
peak (North Andaman – 738 m),
Mount
Diavolo (Middle Andaman – 515 m),
Mount
Koyob (South Andaman – 460 m)
Mount Thuiller (Great Nicobar – 642 m).
Lakshadweep
Minicoy
There are approximately 36 islands of which
11 are inhabited
Minicoy is the largest island
with an area of 453 sq. km.
The flow of water through well-defined channels is known as ‘drainage’
network of such channels is called a ‘drainage system’.
A river drains the water collected from a
specific area, which is called its ‘catchment area’.
An area drained by a river and its tributaries
is called a drainage basin.
Important Drainage Patterns
The drainage pattern resembling the branches of a tree is known as “dendritic”
When the rivers originate from a hill and flow in all directions, the drainage pattern is known
as ‘radial’
When the primary tributaries of rivers flow parallel to each other and secondary tributaries join them at right angles, the pattern is known as ‘trellis’.
When the rivers discharge their waters from all directions in a lake or depression, the
pattern is know as ‘centripetal’.
The boundary line separating one drainage basin from the other is known as the watershed.
The catchments of large rivers are called river basins.
while those of small rivulets and rills are often referred to as watersheds
Watersheds are small in area while
the basins cover larger areas.
River basins and watersheds are marked
by unity. one part affects the other. They are accepted as the most appropriate micro,
meso or macro planning regions.
Nearly 77 per cent of the drainage
area consisting of the Ganga, the Brahmaputra,
the Mahanadi, the Krishna, etc. is oriented
towards the Bay of Bengal
23 per cent
comprising the Indus, the Narmada, the Tapi,
the Mahi and the Periyar systems discharge
their waters in the Arabian Sea.
includes 14 drainage basins such as the
Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the Krishna, the Tapi, the Narmada, the Mahi, the Pennar, the Sabarmati, the Barak, etc.
44 river basins such as the Kalindi, the Periyar,
the Meghna, etc.
Large rivers flowing on the Peninsular plateau have their origin in the Western Ghats and discharge their waters in the Bay of Bengal. The Narmada and Tapi are two large rivers which are exceptions. They along with many small rivers discharge their waters in the Arabian Sea.
On the basis of the mode of origin, nature
and characteristics
It mainly includes the Ganga, the Indus and the Brahmaputra river basins
-fed both by melting of snow and precipitation, rivers of this system are perennial
-River Kosi, also know as the ‘sorrow of Bihar’,
in due course of time Indo– Brahma river was dismembered into three main drainage systems
- the Indus and its five
tributaries in the western part
- the Ganga and its Himalayan tributaries in the central part
- the stretch of the Brahmaputra in Assam and its Himalayan tributaries in the eastern part
Shiwalik or Indo-Brahma traversed from Assam
to Punjab and onwards to Sind & discharged into the Gulf of Sind 5-24 million years ago
dismemberment was due to
Pleistocene upheaval in
the western Himalayas
uplift of the Potwar Plateau (Delhi Ridge)
the down- thrusting of the Malda gap area
one of the largest river basins of the world
covering an area of 11,65,000 sq. km (in India it is 321, 289 sq. km
total length of 2,880 km (in India 1,114 km)
Indus also known as the Sindhu
westernmost of the Himalayan rivers in India
originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu in
the Kailash Mountain range
In Tibet, it is known as ‘Singi Khamban; or Lion’s mouth
Himalayan tributaries such as the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Zaskar, the Hunza, the Nubra, the Shigar, the Gasting and the Dras
it receives the Kabul river on its right bank
tributaries joining the right bank of the Indus
are the Khurram, the Tochi, the Gomal, the Viboa and the Sangar
river flows southward
and receives ‘Panjnad’
the Ravi
the Beas
the Satluj
the Chenab
the Jhelum
finally discharges into the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi
Indus flows in India only through Jammu and
Kashmir.
rises from foot of the Pir Panjal
joins the Chenab near Jhang in Pakistan.
flows through
Srinagar and the Wular lake
largest tributary of the Indus
formed by two streams, the
Chandra and the Bhaga
also known as Chandrabhaga
rises west of the Rohtang pass in
the Kullu hills of Himachal Pradesh
joining the Chenab near
Sarai Sidhu
originating from the Beas Kund near
the Rohtang Pass
enters the Punjab plains where it meets the
Satluj near Harike.
Satluj originates in the ‘Raksas tal’ near
Mansarovar
in Tibet where it is known as Langchen Khambab
It passes through the Shipki
La on the Himalayan ranges
It is an antecedent river
very important tributary as it feeds the canal
system of the Bhakra Nangal project.
Namami Gange Programme is an
Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as “Flagship Programme” by the Union
Government in June 2014 with the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution conservation and rejuvenation of the
National River Ganga.
Main pillars of the Namami Gange
Programme are:
Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure
• River-Front Development
• River-Surface Cleaning
• Bio-Diversity
• Afforestation
• Public Awareness
• Industrial Effluent Monitoring
• Ganga Gram
THE GANGA SYSTEM
Ganga basin covers about 8.6
lakh sq. km area in India alone
length of 2,525 km
split into two distributaries
the Padma
the Bhagirathi
At Devprayag, the Bhagirathi meets the Alaknanda, hereafter, it is known as the Ganga
Alkananda
tributaries of Alaknanda such as the Pindar joins it at Karna Prayag while Mandakini or Kali Ganga meets it at Rudra Prayag
Alaknanda consists of the Dhauli and the Vishnu Ganga
Alaknanda has its source in the Satopanth
glacier above Badrinath
it is known as the Bhagirathi
rises in the Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand
The Son is its major right bank tributary
important left bank tributaries are the
Ramganga, the Gomati, the Ghaghara, the Gandak, the Kosi and the Mahananda.
finally discharges itself into the Bay of
Bengal near the Sagar Island.
The Yamuna
the western most and the longest tributary of the Ganga
Source- Yamunotri glacier on the western slopes of Banderpunch range
joins the Ganga at Prayag (Allahabad)
it is joined by the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and the Ken on its right bank
the Hindan, the Rind, the Sengar, the Varuna, etc. join it on its left bank
The Chambal
rises near Mhow in the Malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh
Gandhisagar dam has been constructed
The Chambal is famous for its badland topography called the Chambal ravines.
The Gandak
comprises two streams
Kaligandak
Trishulganga
It enters the Ganga plain in
Champaran district of Bihar
joins the Ganga at Sonpur near Patna.
The Ghaghara
originates in the glaciers of Mapchachungo
its tributaries – Tila, Seti and Beri
The river Sarda (Kali or Kali Ganga) joins it in the plain
it finally meets the Ganga at Chhapra.
The Kosi
an antecedent river with its source to the north of Mount Everest in Tibet
joined by the Son Kosi from the West and the Tamur Kosi from the east
forms Sapt Kosi after uniting with the river Arun.
The Ramganga
a small river rising in the Garhwal hills near Gairsain
it joins the Ganga near Kannauj.
The Damodar
it flows through a rift valley and finally joins the Hugli
The Barakar is its main tributary
Once known
as the ‘sorrow of Bengal’
The Sarda or Saryu river
rises in the Milam
glacier in the Nepal Himalayas
where it is known as the Goriganga
Along the Indo-Nepal
border, it is called Kali or Chauk, where it joins the Ghaghara
The Mahananda
joins the Ganga as its last left bank
tributary in West Bengal.
rising in the Darjiling
hills
originating in the Amarkantak
plateau
it reaches Arrah, west
of Patna, to join the Ganga.
one of the largest rivers
of the world
its origin in the Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range near the Mansarovar lake
traverses eastward longitudinally for a
distance of nearly 1,200 km in a dry and flat region of southern Tibet
In Tibet, it is known as the Tsangpo, which means ‘the purifier.
The Rango Tsangpo is the major
right bank tributary of this river in Tibet
The river emerges from the foothills under
the name of Siang or Dihang.
It enters India
west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh.
it receives its main left
bank tributaries, viz., Dibang or Sikang and Lohit
thereafter, it is known as the
Brahmaputra.
major left bank
tributaries are the Burhi Dihing and Dhansari
important right bank
tributaries are the Subansiri, Kameng, Manas and Sankosh
The Subansiri which has its
origin in Tibet, is an antecedent river.
In Bangladesh, the Tista joins it on its right bank from where the river is known as the Jamuna
finally merges with the river Padma, which falls in the
Bay of Bengal.
The Brahmaputra is well-known
for floods, channel shifting and bank erosion.
This is due to the fact that most of its tributaries
are large, and bring large quantity of sediments owing to heavy rainfall in its catchment area.