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Teaching reading - Coggle Diagram
Teaching reading
Characteristics of Written Language
Orthography
Graphemes!
frequent ambiguity makes readers must do their best to infer, to interpret, and to “read between the lines”
English orthography is highly predictable from its spoken counterpart
BECAUSE...
. irregularity in English manifests itself in high-frequency words and once those words are in place, the rest of the system can usually be mastered without special instruction.
Complexity
writing and speech represent different modes of complexity
"nature of clauses."
writing has longer clauses and more subordination
->readers have to retool their cognitive perceptors to extract meaning from the written code
Distance
physical distance and temporal distance
task of the reader: interpret language that was written in some other place at some other time with only the written words themselves
-> this sometimes decontextualized nature of writing is one of the things that makes reading difficult.
Vocabulary
utilizes a greater variety of lexical items than spoken conversational English
lower frequency words often appear
-> BUT they can be predicted from their context
Processing Time
Reader can get control over their processing time
Read at reader's own rate
Positive side: readers can capitalize on the nature of the printed word and develop very rapid reading rates
Negative side: many people who are slow readers are made to feel inferior
-> fast readers DO NOT ALWAYS have an advantage in practice
Formality
more formal than speech
formality: forms that certain written messages must adhere to
-> ex) we have rhetoricalm or organizational formality in essay writing that demands a writer’s conformity to conventions
Permanence
Readers has an opportunity to return again and again to a word or phrase or sentence, or even a whole text
Unlike spoken language that vanishes when a speaker speaks, written language is permanent.
Types of Assessment Tasks
Selective Reading
focus on morphology, grammar, lexicon
<examples>
multiple choice grammar/voca tasks
contextualized multiple choice
sentence level cloze tasks
matching tasks-grammar/voca editing tasks
picture-cued tasks
gap-filling tasks
Interactive Reading
<examples>
discourse level cloze tasks
reading + comprehension questions
short answer responses
discourse editing tasks
scanning
re-ordering sequences of sentences
responding to charts, maps, graphs, diagrams
Perceptive Reading
recognition of symbols, letters, words
<examples>
reading aloud
copying
multiple choice recognition
picture-cued identification (T/F)
Extensive Reading
<examples>
skimming
summarizing
responding to reading through short essays
note taking, marginal notes, highlighting
outlining
Types of Classroom Reading Performance
Oral Reading
Advantage
At the beginning and intermediate levels, oral reading enables...
evaluative check
prounciation check
extra student participation
highlighting a certain short segment of a reading passage
Disadvantage
not authentic
can easily lose attention
mere recitation in reality
Silent Reading
Intensive
students focus on the linguistic / semantic details
grammatical forms
discorse markers
surface structure details
Extensive
achieve a general understanding of long text
Advantages
:stimulating reading where all details need not be retained
students gain an appreciation for the affective and cognitive window of reading: an entree into new worlds