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PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGNING LISTENING TECHNIQUES - Coggle Diagram
PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGNING LISTENING TECHNIQUES
In a interactive, four-skills curriculum... importande of techniques that specifically develop listening comprenhension competence
The creation of efective listening techiniques
Atenttion to all listenings
LISTENING TECHNIQUES FROM BEGINNING TO ADVANCED
Use techniques that are intrinsically motivating
Listeners' interests and goals
taking in full account experiences, goals and abilities of the students in lessons design.
cultural backgrounds
Carefully consider the form of listeners' responses
Lund's offereced (1990)
• conversing-the listener engages in a conversation that indicates appropriate processing of information.
• modeling-the listener orders a meal, for example, after listening to a model order
• duplicating-the listener translates the message into the native language or repeats it verbatim
• extending-the listener provides an ending to a story heard
• choosing-the listener selects from alternatives such as pictures, objects, and texts
• condensing-the listener outlines or takes notes on a lecture
• answering-the listener answers questions about the message
• transferring-the listener draws a picture of what is heard
• doing-the listener responds physically to a command
technique: listeners responds according to their comprenhesion
Encourage the development of listening strategies
Listening strategies that extend beyond the classroom
• predicting a speaker's purpose by the context of the spoken discourse
• associating information with one's existing cognitive structure (activating background information)
• guessing at meanings
• seeking clarification
• looking for key words
• looking for nonverbal cues to meaning
Utilize authentic language and context
Authentic language with communicative purpouse
real-world texts
Include both bottom-up and top-down listening techniques
Bottom-up
Processing procceds from sounds to words to grammatical relationships to lexical meanings, etc., to a final "message."
Techniques typically focus on sounds, words, intonation, grammatical structures, and other components of spoken language.
Top-down
Processing is evoked from "a bank of prior knowledge and global expectations and other background information (schemata) that the listener brings to the text"
Techniques are more concerned with the activation of schemata, with deriving meaning, with global understanding, and with the inter- pretation of a text.
