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Digestive and Urinary system Kimberly Sandoval - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary system Kimberly Sandoval
Major functions
Digestive
Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules , which are then absorbed into the body. The four most important parts of digestive system is the mouth, stomach , small intestine, and the large intestine.
Urinary
The urinary function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of the urine ; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood ; and produce erythropoietin a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells . The urinary system consists of the kidneys , ureters, bladder and the urethra.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
In the kidneys is made up two major parts; the renal corpuscle and tubules. These are the sub-divided into various parts and overall its the structure which allows the kidney to filter the blood and then alter the composition of this filtrate to ensure that waste products are excreted and useful comping are preserved. the renal corpuscle can be subdivided.
Major organs
Digestive
esophagus: a long narrow mucosal membranus tube, about 10 inches long. It is very flexible and stretches from the pharynx to the stomach . It propels food won to the stomach by a wavelike movement of the esophagus muscles.
Stomach: muscular curved ouch like structure. It churns food and mixes it with various lubricating and digestive secretions. Food enters from the esophagus via the cardiac sphincter and is sent to the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter.
The pharynx: is a mucosal membranus sack like structure which acts as a passageway for chewed food, and as an airway during respiration
The mouth: ingestion (taking in of food ) starts with. outhitting . Teeth cut and grind food into smaller particles. Tongue and teeth masticate food breaking it down into smaller pieces. The tongue is composed of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane and helps when swelling. Taste buds are located in the mucous membrane , when stimulated by food a nervous signal is sent which causes the salivary and gastric glands to secrete saliva. Saliva helps lubricate and moisten food, but also containing enzymes that begin to digest food while it is still in the mouth.
Urinary
Liver: The largest gland in the body weighing about 3lbs. It is a gland in the sense that its secretes bile. It's also essential in the metabolism of proteins , fats and carbohydrates.
Pancreas : is a long narrow, lobed gland that is located behind the stomach. The pancreas secrets substances that aid digestion (pancreatic juice ) and two hormones , endocrine system . Two ureters transport urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder .
Gallbladder: stores excess bile for liver it concentrates and stores bile produced in the liver to release small intestine
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Salivary Enzymes salivary amylase salivary glands polysaccharides disaccharides and trisaccharides.
Gastric enzymes Pepsin* cheif cells proteins peptides
Chemical digestion: large food molecules must be broken down into subunits that are small enough to be absorbed by the lining of the alimentary canal . this is accomplished by enzymes through hydrolysis.
Pancreatic enzymes Elastase * Pancreatic acing cells proteins peptides
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Pepsin, produced in the stomach
trypsin, produced in the pancreas
Amylase produced in the mouth . It helps breakdown large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease , produces in the pancreas
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Submucosa a loose connective layer with larger blood vessels , lymphatics , nerves and can contain mucosal glands .
Adventia layer outermost layer of loose connective tissue- covered by the visceral peritoneum . Contains blood vessels , lymphatics and nerves
Mucosa a lining epithelium , including glandular tissue, at underlying layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria, which provides vascular support for the epithelium, and often contains mucosal glands.
Disorders
Digestive
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)- affects large intestine , signs and symptoms include cramping , abdominal pian , bloating , gas and diarrhea or constipation or both.
Gastroesophageal- raid eflux disease caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus
Celiac disease - an immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat , barley , and rye.
Urinary
Excessive urination volume occurs when you urinate more than normal . Urine volume is considered excessive if it equals more than 2.5 liters per day .
burning sensation, dysuria most commonly is caused by bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Lower urinary tract infection.
Uremia is the condition of having high levels of urea in the blood. Urea is one primary components of urine .