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course MM, Energy Metabolism, genetics, Tissues and Primary Growth, leaves…
course MM
Energy Metabolism
Photosynthesis
chemical equation
CO2 reduced
+energy
carbohydrates
light dependent reactions
electromagnetic radiation spectrum
gamma rays
x-rays
uv light
infared light
microwaves
visible light
humans
feel infared
heat
react to uv
tan or burn
radio waves
quantum energy
wavelengths
short
large energy
cosmic rays
gamma rays
uv light
long
little energy
infared light
microwaves
radar
radiowaves
radiation
photons/quanta
set of waves
nature of pigments
pigment
absorb certain wave
distinct color
melanin
absorb light
biological function
critical pigment
chlorophyl a
absorbs
red light
blue light
all other pass
electromagnetic energy
strikes
only 5% e captured
photosynthetic pigment
absorb
light energy
electrons
chemical reactions
all light
black
high energy radiation
absorb all wavelengths
except red
red bounces off
see red
dark reactions
stroma reaction
produce carbs
ATP
high energy phosphate
reduded by NADPH
phosphate removed
interact CO2
reduced
energized
enzyme
RuBP carboxylase
carbs
storing energy
breakdown
high energy
activation barriers
energy rich
stable
chemically unreactive
releasing energy
burn
wood
sugar
photosystem 1
energy absorbed
2 P700 molecules
2e-
excited energy level
ferredoxin
NADP reductase
NADPH+H
photosystem 2
electrons
water
P680
energy by light
electron transport chain
electron carriers
#
+protons
NADP
energy & reducing power
force electrons
oxidation
loss
positive
reduction
gain
negative
photosynthesis
#
light energy
chemical energy
sunlight
plant pigments
chemical reaction
energized pigments
large molecules
not very mobile
never cross membranes
always reactive
no control
synthesizing ATP
photophosphorylation
sunlight
chloroplats
substrate-level phosphorylation
w/o oxygen
cytosol
high energy phosphate groups
force phosphate ADP
ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
w oxygen
mitochondria
respiration
ADP phosphorylated
ATP
thylakoid lumen
photosystems
membrane layer
enzymes
electron carriers
#
not proton permeable
noncyclic electron transport
e- smoothly water
NADH
chemiosmotic potential
not enough ATP
compared to NADH
alternate route
ferro photo 1
#
plastoquinones
#
pump more protons
thylakoid lumen
cyclic electron transport
chloroplasts
make ATP
no extra NADPH
proper ratios
stroma reactions
#
simple
light powered
proton pump
earth's atmosphere
oxidized form
carbon
CO2
sulfur
sulfate
nitrogen
nitrate
electron carriers
NAD & H
+oxidizing
no charge reducing
FAD & H
oxidized & reduced
2e- transfered
Cytochromes
intrinsic membrane protiens
w/in membranes
no diffusion
chloroplats
thylakoids
plastoquinones
short transport
w/in membrane
2e-
bind 2p
hydrocarbon tail
hydrophobic
easily dissolved
lipid
chloroplast membranes
plastocyanin
short travel
metal ion
synthesis of polysaccharides
gluconeogenesis
anabolic
synthesizes glucose
glucose-6
amylose
polymer of glucose
500-2000 residues
amylopectin
large
polymer of glucose
million residues
back to monomer
rapid
cellulose
enzymes
end of molecules
store starch
chloroplasts
amyloplasts
concepts
heterotrophs
source of energy
sunlight
building material
CO2
organisms
photosynthetic
plants
bacteria
algae
cyanobacteria
photoautotrophs
food source
carbs
protiens
fats
animals
protozoa
nonphotosynthetic
wood
roots
bark
parasitic plants
fungi
#
tissues
metabolism
young seedlings
white
heterotrophic
geminating undergroung
photoautotrophic
after sunlight
photosynthetic
green
immature fruits
maturation
last stages
chloroplats
chromoplasts
imported/ stored nutrients
chromoplasts
plastids
chlorophyll
#
pigments
mixed metabolism
photsynthesis
#
carbs
#
green
young leaf primordia
anabolic metabolism
short term storage
w/in cell
briefly
ATP
NADPH
intermediate term storage
glucose
disaccharide sucrose
cell to cell
vascular tissue
plant
blood stream
animal
sufficiently stable
weeks/months
osmosis
long term storage
starch
large
high molecular weight
polymer of glucose
no transport
too large
more stable than glucose
lasts for years
concentrated lipids
plants and people
greenhouse gas
quanta absorbs
atmosphere CO2
warms earth
energy trapped
earths system
oxidize
mitichondria
wood
oil
coal
gas
breathing out
global warming
less CO2
less heat
frozen earth
more CO2
more heat
800F earth
burning
gas
oil
coal
destroying forrest trees
more evaporation
rapid snow melt
global climate change
altered circulation
ocean currents
frequent flooding
agriculture areas
too dry
whole PLANET
genetics
meiosis
resting place
prophase 1
first stage
chromosomes visible
nuclear envelope
interphase
metaphase 1
second stage
attachted
spindle fibers
telophase 1
chromosomes opposite
2 nuclei
metaphase 2
spindle fibers
telophase 2
4 haploid
separation
daughter cells
#
replication of DNA
mitosis
meiosis
#
first chromatin
less compact
opening
allow entry
factors
S phase
40-60 days
open double helix
nucleotides
diffuse
single - stranded
DNA polymerase
adds deoxyribosenucleotides
primer RNA
guide
each chromosome
single
DNA
Double helix
mutations
#
initial sequence
point mutations
deletions
insertions
inversion
varigated
Syngonium podophyllum
chloroplasts
plastids
prevent
chlorophyll
synthesis
mutant plastids
cytokinesis
separation
#
nuclear chromosomes
elaborate mechanisms
daughter cells
Tissues and Primary Growth
Concepts
primary plant body
derived
shoot
apical
meristems
composed
primary tissues
#
constitutes
herbaceous
secondary plant body
derived
meristems
apical meristems
#
secondary tissues
wood
bark
3 basic parts
leaves
#
stems
#
roots
#
flowering plants
angiosperms
#
basal
eudicots
broadleaf
roses
asters
maples
monocots
grasses
lillies
cattails
palms
philodendrons
bromeliads
basic types
collenchyma
uneven walls
thick corners
deformed
pressure
tension
new shape
no water supply
wilts
droops
more glucose
alive maturity
epiphytes
orchids
philodendrons
plastic support
vine
shoot tips
young petioles
leaf
privet :
sclerenchyma
1&2 walls
primary
secondary
dead maturity
develop
parenchyma
stop growing
proper size
proper shape
mature organs
from collenchyma
elastic support
deformed
pressure
tension
wind
air
snow
original
water support
upright
no droop
parenchyma
#
thin primary walls
80-100nm
maturity
alive
dead
many functions
conducts nutrients
long distances
phloem
soft parts
leaves
inexpensive
metabolically
seeds
pigmented cells
petals
fruits
protoplasm
tissue
most common
chlorenchyma
photosynthesis
#
chloroplasts
thin walls
ligth
co2
cells
germanium
internal organization
proper function
right cells
arrangment
organ tissues
epidermis
herbaceous stem
#
outermost surface
single layer
living parenchyma
human
thicker
many layers
dead cells
interchange material
plant
envirnment
air
high humidity
water loss
protection
barrier
internal cells
abrasion
dust
animals
leaves
stems
temperature
brightness
heat
mostly
thin walled
parenchyma cells
against invasion
bacteria
fungi
#
small insects
cuticle
cutin
fatty
impermeable
water retension
mild
moist
severe conditions
+wax
defense
digestive enzymes
pathogens
fungi
bacteria
guard cells
stomatal pore
stoma
daytime
CO2
cellulose microfibril
no uniform
diff weakness
diff extensions
absorb water
swelling
walls stretch
open pore
vapor escape
microbes enter
sunset
shrink
no h2o lost
so smooth
no stick
fungal spores
Hedera helix
ivy
thin wall
Agave
extremely thick
waterproofing
heavy sun
organs
leaves
sunlight
photosynthesis
covered
dust
spores
fungi
bacteria
insect poop
UV light
mutations
plants
nonfunctional leaf
animals
skin cancer
abscising
grow new
fresh
clean
no dirty
no groom
roots
support
water
stems
hold leaves
sexual reproduction
flowers
cones
young tree
fresh
vigorous
special chemicals
epidermis
cutin
waterproofing
indesgestible
bacteria
fungi
animals
endodermis
#
suberin
waterproofing
lignin
sclerenchyma
lignin
strength
waterproofing
cork
suberin
waterproofing
collenchyma
pectins
plasticity
stem growth/differentiation
apical meristems
mitosis
cytokinesis
progenitor cells
ground meristem
pith
interfasicular cambium
cortex
cork
provascular tissue
primary xylem
primary phloem
protoderm
epidermis
#
cork cambium
cork
phelloderm
fasicular cambium
secondary xylem
secondary phloem
cork cambium
primary tissues
formation
results
subapical meristems
protoxylem
first
xylem
tracheids
vessel elements
diving
elongating
metaxylem
secondary tissue
wood
bark
vascular
plant/people growth
animals
determinate
genes
organ size
organ #
cannot exceed
malnourishment
no growth
organogenisis
no new
plants
indeterminate
genetic potential
can exceed
growth
years
organogenesis
grow organs
leaves
roots
braches
flowers
fruits
exceptions
indeterminate animal
skin growth
tapeworm
head
host
neck
cells
repeat divide
new segment
old segement
eggs
breakoff
host's excrement
length
derminate plant
leaves
differentiate
mature
cant make
annual plants
1 year
death
blooms
seeds
tip
cell division
no weeks
no months
no organ
biennial plants
#
2 years
no ex care
no ex fert
1 many leaves
reproducing
dying
2
all again
genes
programmed'
leaves
layers
palisade parenchyma
cylindrical
not packed
easy CO2
large area
#
veins
below pp
small
lateral
become large
l lateral vein
high mag
through xylem
perforations
#
vessel elements
spiral
thickening
expanded
extend
absorb
water
minor veins
high mag
close mesophylls
sugar
photosynthesis
sieve tube
stem
spongy mesophyll
air space
between cells
co2
diffuse rapidly
away stomata
lower epidermis
undulate
cuticle
many stomata
stomatal pore
short
narrow
co2 entry
#
external structure
thin'
flat
light exposure
l area
absorb CO2
short veins
thick leaf
no light pene
lil area
lil co2
water conserve
sphereical
internal shade
fraction photosynthesis
lil area
min gas exchange
cylindrical
thin
photosynthesis
large area
no selfshade
diff conduction
foliage
#
#
photosynthesis
no excess CO2
no entry
fungi
bacteria
epifoliar algae
cant be
nutritious
delicious
become liability
effective sails
blown over
cheap
spends less carb
building
photo recovery
concepts
foliage
large
flat
green
photosynthesis
#
protection
bud scales
spines
support
tendril
max conduction
min expenditure
storage
flesh leaves
bulbs
nitrogen procurment
trapping
dissecting insects
function
modification
structure
metabolism
advantageous
survive
reproduce
construction
cylindrical stem
#
tracheary elements
woody species
stem xylem
stem phloem
massive
wood
bark
shoot system
stems
leaves
flat
thin
absorption
chlorophyll rich
clorenchyma
light
CO2
elevating leaves
short lived
lettuce
cabbage
massive
agave
yucka
perrenial
internal structure
epidermis
foliage
#
optimal
light
interception
large area
flat
thin
transpiration
water loss
dry soil
water lost
waterproof
translucent
co2 entry
cells
large
flat
tabular
guard cells
trichomes
nonglandular
glandular
microclimates
upper
lower
#
frequency stomata
tilia europea
linden
upper
0
lower
37,000
allium cepa
onion
upper
17,500
lower
17,500
helianthus annuus
sunflower
upper
12,000
lower
17,500
pinus sylvestris
pine
upper
12,000
lower
12,000
zea mays
corn
upper
9,800
lower
10,800
vicia fabia
bean
upper
6,500
lower
7,500
sedum spectabilis
stonecrop
upper
2,800
lower
3,500
larix decidua
larch
upper
1,400
lower
1,600
roots
external structure
swollen
large
#
carrot
lateral
sunflower
same size
laterals
develops
root
embyro
radicle
fiberous
winter wheat
numerous
adventitous
#
stem tissue
tabacco
Nicotiana tabacum
larger lateral
development
embryo
size uncritical
taproots
radishes
radicle
internal structure
endodermis
cylinder
one layer
brick chimeny
cement
caspian strips
No apoplastic
impermeable membrane
no crossing
endo corn
red lines
radial walls
inner tangential
low mag
high mag
next steps
root ecology
systems
size
branching
orintation
downward 30m
horizontaly
root mass
large
shoot mass
lateral
#
globular cacti
scrawny
thread-like
modified roots
root nodules
nitrogen bacteria
mycorrhizal
phosphate fungi
investigates
coralloid
cyads
cyanobacteria
proteoid roots
branch
mineral rich
soil
epiphicytes
not gravity
tree bark
arenchyma/ flooding
o2 reduction
#
suffocation
rapid diffusion
Avicennia germinans
marsh plants
mangroves
Taxodium distichum
bald cypress
knees
pneumatophores
upward
modifications
storage
carbs
summer photo
biennial
beets
carrots
#
celery
perenial
datura
phlox
daises
survival
less extreme
humidity
temperature
parenchyma cells
prop
monocot
adventitous
#
base stem
absorbtion
stability
small palm
screw pine
long
adventitous
#
#
stabilize
heavy trunk
mineral stem
older
branches
trunk bypass
vascular bundles
full capacity
woody plants
vascular cambium
fusiform initials
140 to 462 mm in dicots
700 to 8,700 mm in conifers
longitudinal division
periclinal wall
elongate cells
fusiform initial
secondary
phloem
xylem
axial xylem
axial phloem
ray initials
phloem rays
xylem rays
initiation
fasicular
vascular bundle
mature parenchyma
resume mitosis
provascular tissue
interfasicular
connects
pith
meristems
secondary body
ccycle arrest
divide
no mature
cork cambium
phloem
cortex
epidermis
cork
phelloderm
vessels
medium size
fiber mass
singular
small cluster
broad
bottom
water
#
transport
plentiful
narrow
top
effective
when
soil
dry
carry water
Cotinus americana
transverse
Pistasia mexicana
long radial
touch few
water
share
pits
side walls
longitudinal
lumen
cut away
front
back
preparation
perferations
visible
short
simple perforation
numerous
small pits
water
lower cell
upper cell
concepts
primary tissues
epidermis
#
cortex
#
vascular bundles
pith
leaves
herbs
1 body
woody
additonal tissues
stem
root
meristems
secondary tissues
wood
secondary xylem
bark
#
secondary phloem
cork
trees
sycamore
chesnuts
pines
firs
shrubs
multiple bodies
primary body
woody plant
vascular cambium arises
consists
leaves
buds
flowers
fruits
seeds
root hairs
absorb
water
nutrients
shoot tips
root tips
secondary body
secondary phoem
#
preexisting body
ever-growing
skeletal system
growth
tear primary
phloem
cortex
epidermis
population genetics
gene pool change
mutation
#
continually
decrease frequency
new alleles increase
accidents
events
can't adapt
killed almost all
fire
not adapted
fire
damage
tree, shrub, succulent
killed few
genetically
different
heat resistant organs
thicker bark
deleterious
#
artificial selection
humans change
allele frequency
plant breeders
selective breeding
crop plants
wild populations
cultivated plants
desirable qualities
disease resistance
protein content
survivor
less water
less fertilizer
rates of evolution
Pereskia
cactus
few genes modified
Gymnocalycium
cactus
different phenotype
leaf mutation
allelic compositions
change rapidly
new alleles
#
habitat adapted
origin of life
cacti & euphorbia's
#
euphorbia
leafy trees
early cacti
succulent evovled
atmosphere chemicals
hydrogen sulfide
ammonia
decomposed
hydrogen
nitrogen
methane
water
energy sources
sun
#
intense UV
gamma radiation
energentic quanta
take electrons
from atoms
highly reactive
free radicals
concepts
evolution
gradual
conversion of species
1-several species
by natural selction
mutations
new alleles
new genes
fitness
adaptation
deleterious
reproduce slowly
die early
beneficial
greater gametes
reproduce better
greater seeds
populations & ecosystems
concepts
ecology
study
organisms
surroundings
structure
metabolism
diversity
adaptation
fitness
population
no isolation
coexist
plant species
animals
fungi
protists
prokaryote
bacteria
#
community
ecosystem
rare stability
soil factors
#
abiotic components
soil factors
rock breakdown
young soil deficient
micronutrients
macronutrients
nitrogen
pioneers
first plants
invade new soil
tolerate
severe conditions
nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
sandy soil
minerals in rockmatrix
lil water capacity
no neighbors
moderate wind
transpired humidity
A horizon
uppermost
zone of leaching
litter
debris
B horizon
zone of deposition
rainwater drops nutrients
materials from A
accumulate
C horizon
parent rock
rock fragments
disturbances
phenomena
fires
lanslides
snow avalanches
floods
change
significant
radical
qiuckly
eliminating/altering
individuals
species
soil factors
#
trees
#
man-made
insectisides
herbicides
hunting
habitat destruction
fires kill
plants
pollinators
#
herbivores
pathogenic fungi
bacteria
regrowth
biotic components
beeches
oaks
alter habitat
suitable
own seedings
glacier retreats
rubble and sand
extremely poor
harsh climate
pioneers grow
#
activate soil
mutualism
#
beneficial
both organisms
different supply
competition
disadvatageous
grow better apart
same limited supply
compete
light
soil
nutrients
water
pollinators
structure of ecosystems
physiognomic structure
trees
shrubs
herbs
stressful seasons
placing buds
winterizing buds
life forms
therophytes
annual
survive as seed
geophytes
underground buds
corn
rhizomes
bulbs
hemicryptophytes
surface buds
leaf and stem protect
grasses
rosette plants
chaemaphytes
above ground bud
no strong wind
small shrub
phanerophytes
high buds
25-30cm high
trees
larege shrubs
community ecology
interconnectedness
food chain
direct line
consumption
trophic levels
predator
prey
herbivoes
omnivores
carnivores
food web
multiple carnivores
top carnivores
trace food sources
network interrealationships
survival
#
energy flow web
consuming energy
constructing energy
keystone species
impact proportion
affect community
sea otters
eat sea urchins
reduce urchin grazing
sea urchins
eat young plants
cant be too abundant
but feed otters
beneficial interactions
mutualism
2 organisms
interactions
both benefit
pollinators
facilitation
2 organisms
not preying
not competeing
beaver dams for
beavers dont benefit
plants
animals
ponds
nurse plants
alter habitat
favorable
survivor of seedlings
provide protection
shade or sun
Selaginella
hold rain water
for cactus
milkweed vine
twining upward
provide protection
#
support
diversity
checklist
national parks
wildlife reserves
incomplete
impossible catalog
every prokaryote
fungi
bacteria
corridor
safe route
animal
plant
migration
interconnect
protection
Olympic National Park
extreme diversity
species
growth
conifers
numerous
present
dominant
deciduous angiosperm
trees
bushes
ferns
mosses
liverworts
epiphytes
vines
concepts
community
group of species
occur together
same time
same place
ecology
same species
interactions
other species
dammed rivers
power
navigation
irrigation
flood control
boundaries
climax community
disturbed area
succession
when stabiliy returns
restoration
Yellowstone National Park
reintroduce wolves
Rio Grande
migration
Big Bend National Park
bears and mountain lions
Olympic National Park
#
dam removal
population biology
single species
growth
interbreeding
survival
mutualism
#
nonvascular plants
mosses
#
ubiquitous
almost every environment
perennial
morphology
leafy stems
gametophores
tightly appressed
dense mounds
class sphagnopsida
sphagnum
class andreaeopsida
andreaea
neuroloma
class bryopsida
atrichum
bryum
buxbaumia
dicranum
fissidens
leaves
one cell layer
thicker midrib
true parenchyma
Polytrichaceae
upper surface
volume of photosynthetic tissue
high surface-to-volume ratio
sugar & minerals
transportation
support
shoot apex
gametanglia
sporophocytes
#
reproduction
antheridia
archegonia
hornworts
small
inconspicuous
thalloid plants
hidden by grass
rarely inhabit
trees
trunks
bare rock
inhabit sites
roadside cuts
eroded soil
shade
"horns" are sporocytes
grow continuously
basal meristem
class anthercerotopsida
order anthocerotales
anthoceros
dendroceros
megaceros
notothyros
phaeoceros
unique embryophytes
#
one plastid
distinct relatioship
progeny cells
privet leaf
#
many chloroplasts
longitudinal section
meristematic region
liverworts
alternation
heteromorphic generations
few species are large
some are leafy
ribbon-like gametophytes
leafy liverworts
resmbles moss
thin leaves
slender stem
Lophocolea
thallose liverworts
flat shoot
substrate
reduced underside
Oxymitra incrassata
thalloid plants
#
life cycle
class hepatopsida
order marchantiales
conocephalum
marchantia
reboulia
riccia
ricciocarpus
order sphaerocarpales
riella
sphaerocarpos
order monocleas
monoclea
order metzgeriales
fossombronia
pallavicinia
pellia
order jungermanniales
cephaloziella
frullania
porella
oerder haplomitriales
haplomitrium
concepts
origin
evolutionary diversification
embryophytes
bryophytes
hornworts
#
mosses
liverworts
polysporangiophytes
horneophyton
algaophyton
tracheophytes
history
origin of green algae
adaptation
terrestrial habits
origin of seeds
leaves
woody growth
3 divisions
nonvascular
no vas tissues
no seeds
vascular cryptograms
vas tissues
no seeds
spermatophytes
vas tissues
seeds
one-layered
sterile jacket
one egg
moss
gametangia
liverwort
#
large flat sheets
vascular plants w/o seeds
vascular cryptograms
"fern allies"
vascular tissue
lack
seeds
flowers
fruits
reproduction is hidden
synapomorphies
shared derived features
ancestral
no lacking
heterotrophically
endophytic soil
fungi nourishes
antheridia
archegonia
egg
zygote
retained in archegonium
nourished by parent
grows
enlarges
abscission zone
detaches from gametophyte
independent
concepts
dibiontic life cycle
extant plants
fossil plants
multicellular gametophyte
multicellular sporophyte
interpolation hypothesis
postulates
small sporophyte
mitotically not meiotically
zygote germinated
monobiontic
algae, Coleochaete
one multicellular generation
zygote
#
meiosis
#
more spores
new gametophytes
embryophytes
#
evolution
conversion
monobiotic ancestor
diobiontic plants
transformation theory
postualtes after dibontic
gametophyte larger
sporophyte larger
more complex
vascularized
interpolation theory
microphyll
lycophytes
homosporous
heterosporous
#
megaphyll
euphyllophytes
microphyll; lycophytes
distinct evolution
morphology
genera Drepanophycus
genera Baragwanathia
4cm enations
single trace
vascular tissue
early land plants
lateral sporangia
#
exarch protosteles
heterospory
clustered sporangia
cones
strombulli
homosporous
heterosporous
microspores
megaspores
distinct microgametophytes
early lycophyte
microphylls to enations
exant genera
Lycopodium cernuum
common
extensive rhizomes
#
chlorophyllous shoot
Lycopodium obscurum
sporangia clusters
cones
megaphyll
trimerophytes
1968
3 genera
Trimerophyton
Psilophyton
Pertica
fossils resemble rhyniophytes
terminal sporangia
lateral sporangia
Pertica quadrifaria
one main trunk
small branches
larger stems
branched pseudomonopodially
euphyllophytes
#
#
exarch xylem roots
30-kilo base inversion
single copy
plastid DNA
ferns
#
Leptosporangiatae
Marattiales
Ophioglossales
over tops the other
smaller
lateral
one plane
chlorophyll webs
chapter 22
division coniferophyta
50 genera
550 species
moderate to gigantic
giant redwoods
#
california
Sequoiadendron giganteum
90 m in height
10 m in diameter
never have
vines
herbs
annuals
bulbs
#
rhizosomes
perennial
pine
european larch
western juniper
leaves
fir
scale-like
pine
vascular bundle
douglas fir
endodermis
xylem
phloem
#
Division Cycadophyta
stout trunks
pinnately compound leaves
1 or 2 m tall
Macrozamia
18 m
big trachieds
massive rays
Dioon
stout trunk
leathery
compound leaves
seed cone
leaf veins
similar to conifer
tranfusion trachieds
from veins
#
into leaf blade
stomata
small amount of wood
parenchymatous
phloem
Microsporophylls
microsporangia
#
Division Ginkgophyta
single living species
“maidenhair tree”
looks like dicot
conifer like wood
lacks
vessels
axial parenchyma
“broad leaves”
branched veins
reproduction
gingko
dioecious
gymnospermous
no cones
pollen
prod in organ
ovules pair
megasporophyll
no protection
integument exposed
sporangiophores
two microsporangia
Ginkgo biloba
mistaken for dicot
broad
dichotomous venation
not reticulate venation
Microsporophylls
#
cone-like clusters
mixed w foliage
concepts
life cycle
vascular cryptogams
independent
heteromorphic generations
new sporophyte
from zygote
temporarily dependent
tiny gametophyte
evolution of seeds
vascular cambium preceded
produce massive trees
giant redwoods
oaks
hickories
lignophytes
monophyletic group
woody plants
spermatophytes
seed plants
Spermatophyta
#
Gymnospermae
naked ovules
#
flat sporophylls
pine cones
Angiospermae
flowering plants
mature carpels
tube sporophylls
vascular cambium
Progymnosperms
flowers and reproduction
concepts
2 reproduction functions
1
offspring
identical parent gene
2
generating ind.
genectically different
pollination
environmental conditions
stable
homogeneous survive
several lifetimes
selectly advatageous
budding
runners
not stable
genetically different survive
poorly adapted
landslides
avalanches
irregular climate
freezes
drought
flood
hurricane
reproductive maturity
plant able survive
grow
well adapted
single large tree
thousands flowers
mill pollen grains
each genetically diff
seeds
sexual reproduction
#
long-distance dispersal
widely scattered
germinate diveresly
microclimate
soil conditions
pathogen exposure
#
a/sexual reproduction
sexual
progeny
genetically diverse
some less adapted
parents more
offspring cannot colonize
isolated ind. cannot
angiosperms
flowers
necessary cells
structures
asexual
progeny
identical genetically
adapted as parent
none more adapted
rapid colonization
adversely affected
isolated ind. can
angiosperms
numerous methods
fragmentation
large spreading
grows several m
self-sufficient
adventitous roots
plant life cycle
gametes
egg
sperm
mitosis
zygote
#
sporophyte
phase
generation
synagamy
produces
diploid zygote
gametophyte
micro/mega spores
structure and cross polination
structure
pedicle
flower stalk
receptacle
parts attached
sepals
lowest
outermost
modified leaves
protection
calyx
sepals together
petals
above sepals
coralla
made up of petals
perianth
sepals and petals
stamens
above the petals
androceium
filament
anther
carpels
gynoceium
stigma
style
ovary
#
placentae
pollination
#
cross
from diff ind.
gametes from diff
new combination
self
same ind.
dioceious
marijuana
dates
willows
papaya
life cycle types
microgametophytes
megagametophytes
staminate sporophytes
carpellate sporophytes
monoecious
cattails
corn
cucumber family
melons
squash
pumpkins
inforencences
superior ovaries
carpels above other
#
initated last
inferiorr ovary
fusion of bases
four apendages
vascular bundles
appendage primordia
receptacle tissue
bundle around ovary
visual signals
control accurately
intiation
maturation
opening
simple determinate
compound determinate
raceme
fungi
rhizomes
mutualism
mutations
sun
angiosperm
biennial plants
epidermis
mosses
privet leaves
perforations
bark
foliage
bulbs
endodermis
veins
spermatophyta
embryophytes
ferns
adventitous
gas reduction
zygote
pathogens
meiosis
chlorophyll
