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5.10: Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age - Coggle Diagram
5.10: Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age
Economy
capitalism was main ideology behind industrial growth
English proximity to water, access to iron and coal, agricultural innovation, urban growth, private property, access to foreign resources in colonies, and capital accumulation enabled English industrial growth
growth of factory system
technologies such as waterframe, spinning jenny, and steam engine enabled rapid economic growth
introduction of interchangeable parts
expansion of Russian steel industry
free market dominates over dying mercantilist economies
joint-stock companies replaced by corporations where liability is limited to investment
Society
rural to urban migration
growth of tenements, but were poorly constructed
poor conditions and population concentration enabled quick spread of disease, such as cholera which spread through water contamination and terrible sewage systems
middle class thrived, creation of white-collar working class
leisure culture and consumerism
changing family structure as members spent more time away from each other because of mandatory education and factory jobs
"Cult of Domesticity": middle class women worked at home raising the children and making home a haven of rest for working husband
Government
Englightenment
challenged existing faith in religious instutions (Christianity
emphasis on reason and natural laws as opposed to blind allegiance to authority
rise of empiricism, idea that reality is discerned through human sense
reality should come from the inside, not outside (such as a god)
democratic values gain steam, John Locke's Treatises of Government and natural rights
Social contract: you give up certain liberties for protection of government
nationalism becomes more popular, as allegiance shifts from leader to ethnicity or nation
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, advocated for Laissez-Faire economics
deism: God is a cosmic overseer rather than a direct influence in the world
conservatives fought revolution of thought
women's rights movement, Mary Wollstonecraft, Seneca Falls Conference
abolitionist movement, American Civil War
emancipation of Russian serfs
Nationalism and Revolution
American Revolution: mostly autonomous British colonies in NA broke free as British levied taxes on them without representation in British Parliament, revolutionary war, Constitution modeled after Locke's democratic ideas ("Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness")
French Revolution: war spending put France in debt, Louis XVI called meeting of Estates General but Third General (majority) broke free and formed National Assembly, new democratic government created driven by Enlightenment thought, Reign of Terror followed, leading to beheading of King Louis XVI
Haitian Revolution: French colonies in Haiti were made up mostly of slaves, slave uprising sparked by revolutionary sentiment from homeland, led by Toussaint Louverture led revolution and was a success
Latin American Revolution: creoles in Spanish colonies discontent, less representation and wealth than peninsulares, led by Simon Bolivar, gain territory and called it Gran Colombia