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Course MindMap - Coggle Diagram
Course MindMap
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Chapter 11: Respiration
Types of Respiration
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Heat-Generating
energy “lost” as heat during glycolysis, citric acid cycle, & mitochondrial electron transport
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Photorespiration
only occurs when RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen to ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate
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Chapter 8: Woody Plants
Vascular Cambium
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Interfasicular Cambium
mature parenchyma cells come out of cell cycle arrest, resume mitosis
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2 types of cells
fusiform initials: long, tapered cells
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ray initials: short, slightly cuboidal
also periclinal division
one remains cambial cell, the other differentiates
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Cambial Cell Arrangement
Fusiform:
can occur in storied rows, or unstoried rows
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unstoried cambium: irregular, no horizontal pattern
usually grouped in short vertical rows uniserate, biseriate, or multiseriate
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Outer Bark
Cork
cork cambium: cells are cuboidal, inner cell always stays cambium, outer always differentiates into cork cell
in some species, c. cambium creates layer of parenchyma cells on inside
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Cork Cambia Initiation
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origin in epidermal cells: first outer bark contains only periderm & cuticle, very smooth
origin in cortex: first outer bark contains periderm, cortex, & epidermis, also smooth
origin in phloem: later bark, contains only cork and phloem
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Chapter 16: Genetics
Replication of DNA
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chromatin becomes less compact, opening to allow replicating factors
one strand of double helix cut, two strands separate
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replication fork: as DNA uncoils & separates it takes on forked appearance
Mutations
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deletion: piece of DNA lost
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Effects:
effects & significance depends on nature, position, & extent
changes to introns: unimportant generally, will not be incorporated into final mRNA
changes to exons: unimportant if changed codon is similar to previous, or located in noncritical location
the larger the mutation, the higher chance that a critical part of DNA is affected
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Monohybrid Crosses
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3:1 Ratio: offspring of heterozygous parents, 75% dominant 25% recessive
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Dihybrid Crosses
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Independent Assortment:
if the 2 genes are on separate chromosomes, the alleles of one move independently of the other
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Linkage:
when two genes occur close together on a chromosome, considered linked
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