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Botany Course Mind Map, Seed Plants II - Angiosperms, Flowers and…

- - - - Vascular bundles one ring in stem
      - Two Cotyledons
      - woody
        
        herbaceous
        
        succulent
      - Flower parts arranged in sets of 5 or 4
        
        rarely in sets of 3
    - - not restricted to one ring
      - Only 1 cotyledon on each embryo
      - leaves usually parallel veined
      - Never have ordinary secondary growth
      - Flower parts arranged in multiples of 3
        
        Three sepals
        
        Three petals
        
        Three Stamens
        
        Three Carpels
- - - - Angiospermopyta
  - - - primordia crowd
        
        sometimes visible structure
    - - develops into fruit
  - - - having wood w/out vessels
        
        lacked vessels b/c ancestors lacked them
    - - had vessles
        
        groups then lost them
  - - - fusion of carpels
    - - fusion of petals
    - - bilaterally symmetrical
- - - - grouped together
        
        subclass hamamelidae
        
        alders
        
        plane trees
        
        elms
        
        oaks
        
        a relic
        
        living in flowering plants
  - - - magnolia type flower was relictual
      - flower generalized
        
        sepals
        
        petals
        
        arranged spirally
        
        carpels
- - - - amborellaceae
    - - eater lillies
        
        vascular bundles like monocots
        
        lack any wood
        
        small soft bodied herbs
    - - basal angiosperms
        
        monocots
- - - - Determine inflorescences
      - indetermine inflorescences
- - - - gravity
      - wind
      - water
      - animals
  - - - All individual fruits of an inflorescense fuse into fruit
    - - seperate carpels of one gynoecium fuse
    - - Tissues of the fruit
      - regardless of the origin
  - - - dry
        
        dehiscent fruits
        
        break open
        
        release seeds
        
        indehiscent fruits
        
        do not break open to release seeds
        
        typically not eaten by
        
        natural seed-disturbing animals
        
        fleshy
        
        eaten
- - - - ovary matures into fruit
        
        3 distinct layers
        
        mesocarp
        
        endocarp
        
        Exocarp
        
        pericarp
        
        entire fruit wall
    - - alteration of generations
        
        life cycle with two generations
        
        sporophyte
        
        gametophyte
        
        gametophytes do not resemble sporophytes #
        
        alternation of heteromorphic generations
        
        complex life cycle
        
        3 distinct plants
      - sporophyte phase #
        
        aka sporophyte generation
        
        diploid phase of pant life cycle
        
        capable of undergoing meiosis
      - gametes
        
        haploid sex cells
        
        produced by meiosis
        
        produced by males
        
        produced by females
        
        zygote=sperm+egg
        
        syngamy or fertilization
        
        1 more item...
- - - - mostly vines / small shrubs
      - blood leaves
    - - leaves reduced/ scale like
      - tough shrubs / bushes
    - - short wide stem
      - grow perennially from basal maristem
    - - reproduction
        
        Pollen Cones #
        
        Compound
        
        Contain Small Bracts
        
        seed cones
        
        Compound
        
        ExtraTissue Layers around ovules
      - vessels in wood
        
        Only two leaves / evolved from tracheids w/ circular border pits
- - - - Many Branches
      - Wood like conifer
      - Stout Trunk
      - Lacks Vessels
        
        Lacks axial parenchyma
      - Looks like large Dictot
      - broad leaves
        
        dichotomously branches veins
        
        short shoots
        
        long shoots
      - Reproduction
        
        dioecious
        
        gymnosperms
        
        no cones produced
        
        Ovules produced in pairs
- - - - Similar Cyads
        
        Differ in subtle Details
        
        differentiation of stomatal complexes
        
        leaf trace organiation
      - Reproduction
        
        Cones containing both
        
        microsporophylls
        
        megasporophylls
- - - - Similar to seed ferns
      - thick cortex
      - massive rays
      - small amount of manoxylic wood
      - tracheids long and wide
    - - seed cones
      - pollen cones
      - dioecious
        
        each produced on seperate plants
- - - - Multicellular Gametophyte
        
        Multicellular Sporophyte
      - All known fossil plants
    - - Postulates : small sporophyte came into existence when a zygote germinated mitotically
        
        More Complex
        
        Vascularized
        
        Larger
        
        Life cycle with alteration of isomorphic generation
- - - - Earliest Fossil Record of Land Plants
        
        Cooksonia Genius of Extinct Plants
        
        Simple Upright Stems
        
        With no leaves
        
        1 more item...
        
        equal dichotomus branching
        
        both branches
        
        equal size
        
        epidermis
        
        Simple bundle of xylem
        
        1 more item...
        
        cortex of parenchyma
      - Xylem Structure of Early Vascular Plants
        
        Siphonostele
        
        evolved later
        
        pith is present in center
        
        1 more item...
        
        endarch protostele
        
        protoxylem located in center
        
        metaxylem differentiates on outer edge
        
        exarch protostele
        
        metaxylem located in center
        
        Protoxylem on edges
        
        Protostele
        
        solid mass of xylem
        
        no pith
    - - small herbs
        
        Lateral Sporangia
        
        Opened transversely along top edge
        
        1 more item...
        
        exarch protostele
        
        no secondary growth
        
        enations
        
        outgrowths
        
        increased photosynthetic surface area
        
        in asteroxylon
- - - - compact groups of sporangia
      - lycophyll has been suggested
  - - - Compact groups of sporangia
  - - - resurrection Plant
        
        heterosporous
        
        ligule
        
        small flap of tissue
    - - Fairly common in Forests
        
        200 living species true roots
        
        short upright branches
        
        Tropical Regions to Arctic
        
        homosporous
        
        spores germinate bisexual gametophytes
        
        produce
        
        antheridia
        
        archegonia
- - - - Nonvascular Plants
        
        neither vascular tissue or seeds
        
        Liverworts
        
        Hornwots
        
        Mosses
    - - Vascular Tissue but no seeds
        
        scouring rushes
        
        ferns
        
        clubmosses
    - - Both vascular tissue and seeds
        
        Gymnosperms
        
        Angiosperms
        
        Cyads
- - - - Multicellular
        
        Gametangia #
        
        Sporangia
        
        Surrounded by one/several layers of sterile cells
        
        almost exclusively terrestrial
        
        Cuticle Over Much of Their Body
        
        Many Have Stomata
      - No vascular Tissue
        
        Hetermorphic Generations
        
        Sportophyte & Gametophyte differ Structurally
- - - - Bryophyta
        
        Mosses
      - Anthocerotae
        
        Hornworts
      - Hepatophyta
        
        Liverworts
- - - - Succulent but brittle
        
        Winter annulas
        
        Live less than 1 year
        
        After fertilization divides longitudally
  - - - Meristem just above the foot
        
        Produces new sporangium
- - - - urchin grazing minimized
      - kelp spores allowed to germinate #
      - reduce population of sea urchins
      - extensive underwater forests
- - - - community remains the same for many years
  - - - loss due to human infrastructure
        
        farms
        
        mines
        
        community ecology
        
        may be able to minimize damage
- - - - organisms establishing on new substrates
- - - - several local populations is interconnected
        
        migration
        
        gene flow b/t patches
    - - preserving endangered species
      - metapopulation crucial
    - - high quality patch
    - - low quality patch
    - - survives by colonizing new patches
      - then colonizing new patches
    - - aka assisted migration
      - animals captured in one area then released into a new area
      - plant seeds or whole plants can be moved
- - - - Most populations already well adapted
        
        difficult to identify particular alleles
        
        easily identifiable if phenotype is affected
        
        evolution studies concern gross structures
        
        Flowers
        
        Leaves
        
        Fruits
        
        Shoots
- - - - Population Diverges
      - Into a new, second species
      - or become a new third specieis
      - others in population can be unchanged
      - adaptive radiation
        
        founder individuals
        
        offspring greatly resemble the first
        
        gene pool extremely small
        
        species rapidly diverges into many species
        
        few selective agents
        
        new alleles build rapidly
        
        genetic drift
        
        subject to accidents
        
        gene pool change rapidly e
    - - occupy the same/similar habits
        
        may favor the same phenotypes
        
        3 more items...
      - Two distinct unrelated
- - - - heterotrophs
        
        present in almost all organisms
        
        modifying few molecules
        
        absorbing all material from ocean
    - - Concentration of monomers
        
        Seaside pools
        
        Evaporation
        
        Water Freezing
        
        Absorption by clay particles
        
        Organic Molecules
        
        Specific Orientation
    - - evolution of chlorophyll a
        
        o2 released as a waste product
        
        oxidizing atmosphere
        
        Derived from early second atmosphere
    - - Approx. 4.6 Billion Years ago
- - - - Factors that cause the gene poole to change
      - multiple selection pressures
        
        loss of individuals
        
        not caused by single factor
        
        6 more items...
- - - - Accidents
        
        events that an organism cannot adapt
      - artificial selection
        
        human intervention
        
        purposely change alleles in gene pool
        
        selective breeding
      - Mutation
        
        occur continually
        
        existing alleles decrease in frequency
        
        new alleles increase
      - natural selection #
        
        Survival of the fittest
        
        Most adaptable survive
        
        population must produce more offspring than can survive to maturity
        
        progeny must differ from each other ( Types of Alleles )
  - - - loss of individuals/reduced reproduction
        
        not caused by single factor
        
        drought
        
        temperature change
        
        pathogens
        
        pollinators
        
        insects
        
        mechanism to disperse seeds
- - - - may favor same phenotypes in each species
        
        Two groups cannot converge to same species
        
        cacti
        
        evolved from leafy trees in the Americas
        
        euphorbias
        
        evolved in Africa
  - - - Physical/nonliving feature
        
        allopatric/geographic speciation=speciation results
      - biological reproductive barriers
        
        Any biological phenomenon
        
        discriminating pollinators
        
        evolutionary changes in pollinators
        
        differences in flowering times
        
        sympatric speciation
        
        two groups reproductively isolated
        
        postzygotic internal isolation barrier
        
        subpopulations can no longer interbreed
        
        2 more items...
        
        act before zygote can be formed
- - - - Evolution Studies concern gross structures
        
        Flowers
        
        Leaves
        
        Fruits
        
        Shoots
        
        Trichomes
- - - - chemosynthetic theory = hypothesis of the origin of life
        
        chemosynthesis model
        
        using only known chemical physical processes
        
        rejects divine intervention
        
        proposed by a oparin in 1924
      - Conditions on Earth Before the Origin of Life
        
        approximately 4.6 billion years ago
- - - - Pressure Potential
        
        Effect that pressure has on water potential
        
        Pressure is measured in MPA
        
        Water Pressure
      - Osmotic Potential
        
        Osmotic potential always negative
        
        Cannot diffuse easily
      - Matric Potential
        
        Waters adhesion to non-dissolved structures
        
        Membrane
        
        Cell walls
  - - - Plasamolysis
        
        Cell Loses Water And shrinks
        
        Incipient plasmolysis
        
        Protoplast pulls completely from cell wall
        
        1 more item...
        
        Plasmolyzed
      - lysis
        
        Absorbing water until the cell bursts
        
        Cell Walls Strong enough to resist breakage
        
        Cells grow rather than burst
        
        Plant Cells Can Never Burst
- - - - 3 Types of Membranes
        
        Completely Permeable
        
        Selectively Permeable
        
        Freely Permeable
      - Active Transport
        
        Requires ATP
        
        Proton Pumps in Photosynthesis
        
        Often used to pump molecules against concentration
      - Osmosis
        
        Diffusion through a membrane
      - Diffusion
        
        High Concentration to Low Concentration
      - Intracellular Transport
        
        Vessicle Contents transferred to organelle
        
        Fuse with Other Organelles
- - - - dew
      - frost
      - fog
      - snow
      - rain
      - humidity
    - - Air pulls water out of plants
- - - - Heartwood
        
        Dryer and more fragrant
        
        center of log
        
        Darker in color
        
        one annual ring converted to heartwood each year
      - Sapwood
        
        moister
        
        new layer formed each year
        
        lighter in color
  - - - All cells interior of vascular cambium
        
        All cell Types Primary of Xylem
        
        Radial System
        
        Developed from Rays
        
        1 more item...
        
        2 more items...
        
        Axial System
        
        Fibers
        
        Heartwoods
        
        1 more item...
        
        Softwoods
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Response to Stress
        
        Tension Wood
        
        Eccentric
        
        Prevent Dropping
- - - - Meristem Produce Secondary Plant Body
        
        Continue To divide instead of Maturing
        
        2 more items...
      - Only Two Types of Cells
        
        Fusiform Initials
        
        Long tapered Cells
        
        Periclinical Wall
        
        1 more item...
        
        Anticlinical Wall
        
        Ray Initials
        
        Short & Cubodial
    - - Stored Cambium
        
        Regular Horizontal Rows
      - Nonstored Cambium
        
        No horizontal Pattern
- - - - Not identical to that of the stems
- - - - Axial System
        
        Companion Cells
        
        Nonconducting Parenchyma
        
        Sieve Tube Members
        
        Fibers
      - Radial System
        
        Phloem Rays
        
        Parenchyma Cells
        
        Storage #
- - - - epiphytic
        
        Attached to Branch
        
        Adapted to Drought
  - - - stem is pulled downwards
      - root surface becomes wrinkled
      - Uppermost portions contract
  - - - datura
      - Phlox
      - daisies
    - - beets
      - carrots
      - Celery
  - - - Grow Rapidly Downward
      - hug the tree trunk
- - - - Branch Roots
    - - Develops from Radicule
        
        Embryonic Root
        
        Beats
        
        Turnips
        
        Carrots
  - - - Structure of Individual Roots
        
        No Leaf Axels
        
        No Auxiliary Bud
        
        No leaf Scars
        
        1 more item...
        
        No leafs
- - - - Internal Structure of Roots
        
        Root Apical Meritism
        
        Quiscent Center
        
        Cells become active
        
        Mitotically Inactive
        
        Resistant to harmful agents
        
        Believed to be a reserve for a healthy cell
        
        Zone of Elongation
        
        Zone elongation
        
        Cells Expand Greatly
        
        Differentiation
        
        Ground Tissue #
        
        Root Cortex
        
        1 more item...
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mature Portions of The Root
        
        2 more items...
- - - - External Organization of Stems
        
        Bud
        
        Auxiliary Bud
        
        Extreme Tip of Each Stem
        
        Bud Scales
        
        Helps Protect Organs Inside
        
        Bulbs
        
        Garlic
        
        Onions
        
        Dafodils
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Vascular Bundles
        
        Pith
        
        Collateral
        
        Primary Xylem
        
        Primary Phloem
        
        Vascular Tissues
        
        Phloem
        
        Sleve Tube Members
        
        Sleve Cells
        
        Distributes Sugar and Minerals
        
        Xylem
        
        Vessel Elements
        
        Conducts Water and Minerals
        
        Tracheids
- - - - Basic Types Of Cell Tissues
        
        Parenchyma
        
        Sclerenchyma
        
        Types of Sclerenchyma
        
        Conducting
        
        Vessel Elements
        
        Tracheids
        
        Mechanical
        
        Sclereids
        
        Fibers
        
        Sclerenchyma
        
        Collenchyma
        
        Thick primarily in corners
        
        Thin in some areas
        
        Requires more Glucose
        
        Vines
- - - - Angiosperms
        
        Approx. 297,000 Spodes
        
        Largest Plant Kingdom
        
        Early angiosperms diversed
        
        Eudicots
        
        Roses
        
        Asters
        
        Catails
        
        Grasses
        
        Monocots
        
        Waterlillies
        
        Maples
        
        Basal Angiosperms #
        
        Magnolias
        
        Laurels
- - - - Pressure Potential
        
        Effect that pressure has on water potential
        
        Pressure is measured in MPA
        
        Water Pressure
      - Osmotic Potential
        
        Osmotic potential always negative
        
        Cannot diffuse easily
      - Matric Potential
        
        Waters adhesion to non-dissolved structures
        
        Membrane
        
        Cell walls
  - - - Plasamolysis
        
        Cell Loses Water And shrinks
        
        Incipient plasmolysis
        
        Protoplast pulls completely from cell wall
        
        1 more item...
        
        Plasmolyzed
      - lysis
        
        Absorbing water until the cell bursts
        
        Cell Walls Strong enough to resist breakage
        
        Cells grow rather than burst
        
        Plant Cells Can Never Burst
- - - - 3 Types of Membranes
        
        Completely Permeable
        
        Selectively Permeable
        
        Freely Permeable
      - Active Transport
        
        Requires ATP
        
        Proton Pumps in Photosynthesis
        
        Often used to pump molecules against concentration
      - Osmosis
        
        Diffusion through a membrane
      - Diffusion
        
        High Concentration to Low Concentration
      - Intracellular Transport
        
        Vessicle Contents transferred to organelle
        
        Fuse with Other Organelles
- - - - dew
      - frost
      - fog
      - snow
      - rain
      - humidity
    - - Air pulls water out of plants
- - - - Plants
        
        Microorganisms
        
        Animals
    - - Species
      - Population
      - Organism
      - Communication
- - - - relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
    - - Both organisms are benefitting from each other
    - - Same or different members of species compete for resources, especially for limited natural resources.
    - - relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting
    - - the preying of one animal on others.