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Botany g5Rqmdj - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Specializes into many different jobs
    - - Malleable Support Structure
    - - Provides structural support through strength alone
  - - - Comprised of stem along with leaves, flowers, and buds
    - - Area right above leaf
    - - Xylem
        
        Vessel Elements
        
        Tracheids
      - Phloem
        
        Sieve Tubes
        
        Sieve Tube Members
  - - - Eudicots
      - Monocots
      - Basal Angiosperms
- - - - Venus Fly Trap
  - - - Has large, protruding veins
    - - Light harvesting portion of leaf
      - Types of leaf blades
        
        Simple
        
        One Part
        
        Compound
        
        Two or more parts
    - - Leaf Stalk
  - - - Entire
      - Dentate
      - Lacerate
      - Serrate
      - Divided
  - - - Has a midvein, which branches out into lateral veins
    - - Used to shed leaves
    - - Two types, spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll, which surrounds the veins
- - - - Gathers the nutrients necessary for photosynthesis
  - - - Stores Carbohydrates
    - - Affords Greater Support
    - - Pulls shoot further into the ground when needed
    - - Roots that are used to wrap around a tree
  - - - A group of uniform cells that divide for the root to grow
        
        The youngest cells are at the bottom of the root, in an area called the zone of elongation
    - - Formed at the end of the root to avoid damaging the cells in the zone of elongation
    - - Aids in mineral absorption
      - Also contains vascular tissue
  - - - Area in which all roots develop from stem tissue
    - - First and usually largest root
    - - Roots that branch out of the taproot to further aid in absorption
      - Also called lateral roots
  - - - The root primordium will develop a root apical meristem before it pierces the cortex of the parent root
        
        As the root emerges from its parent, the endodermis is partly destroyed
        
        The new root then develops all the parts of the parent root, and continues its growth
- - - - Types of Mutations
        
        Insertion
        
        Addition of DNA
        
        Deletion
        
        Subtraction of DNA
        
        Somatic
        
        Nonhereditary changes in DNA
        
        Inversion
        
        Change in position of DNA
- - - - Outer Bark
        
        Cork Cambium
        
        Lenticel
        
        Area where oxygen can pass through
        
        Similar Function
  - - - Fasicular Cambium
        
        Term only used for developing cambia
        
        Contains cells that never stops dividing
      - Interfasicular Cambium
        
        Begins to be indistinguishable from fasicular cambium after a few years
    - - Formed by the change of the seasons
    - - Used for Division
    - - Ray Initials
      - Fusiform Initials
- - - - Pressure
      - Heat
      - Elevation
    - - Matric Potential
        
        Water's adhesion to undissolved structures
      - Osmotic Potential
        
        Solutes' negative effect on water potential
      - Pressure Potential
  - - - Movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration
      - Diffusion through membranes is called osmosis
    - - Refers to the use of ATP, or more simply energy, by molecular pumps
        
        Allows materials to move against their concentration gradients
- - - - Types of this process; called speciation
        
        Divergent Speciation
        
        Some populations of a species become a new species, while others remain the same
        
        Phyletic Speciation
        
        One entire species changes so much that it must be considered a new species
  - - - Ratio will remain fairly consistent if only sexual reproduction is considered
        
        Factors that cause gene pool to change
        
        Human Interference
        
        AKA Artificial Selection
        
        Mutations
        
        Random change of genes; if the change is beneficial, the gene will be better represented
        
        Basis of nature selection
        
        Accidents, ie natural disasters
- - - - Factors that keep populations of organisms in check are called limiting factors
        
        Prerequisite for natural selection to take place
    - - Uniform Distribution
        
        Plants are evenly spaced
      - Random Distribution
        
        No distinct pattern to distribution
      - Clumped Distribution
        
        A pattern of spacing either exceptionally small or exceptionally large, but never average
  - - - Physiognomic Structure
        
        Physical size and shape of organisms and how far away from each other they are
      - Temporal Structure
        
        Changes an ecosystem undergoes over time
      - Trophic Levels
        
        Which animals feed on which
      - Species Composition
        
        Number and species of organisms coexisting in an ecosystem
- - - - One organism helps another without any perceived benefit
    - - Two organisms helping one another
  - - - Three Factors
        
        Probability of encountering prey
        
        Predator's decision to attack prey
        
        Probability the attacked prey will be eaten
    - - Feeding Rate
        
        How long it takes a predator individual to subdue a prey individual
      - Handling Time
        
        How long one prey individual can sustain one hunting individual
- - - - Known as the first trees
      - Extinct
      - Gave rise to the gymnosperms
      - First to produce a vascular cambium with unlimited growth potential and the capacity to grow a secondary xylem and phloem
    - - Members only loosely related to one another
      - Extinct
      - Appearance ranged from that of woody tree ferns to vines
    - - Descendants of the progymnosperms
      - Includes some of the largest trees in the world
        
        They likely employ this type of root
      - Possess perennial leaves, which aren't shed during winter
- - - - Divided into two groups
        
        Leafy Liverworts
        
        Moss-like with leaves
        
        Thallose Liverworts
        
        Ribbon or heart shaped
        
        Shape is described as a thallus
        
        A thallus is defined as a body without roots, stems, or leaves
    - - Water Transport
        
        Innermost cortex of mosses made up of hydroid cells that conduct water and dissolved materials
        
        Falls within this category
      - Very Adaptive
      - Have leaf-like stems called gametophores
- - - - Two types
        
        Rhyniophytes
        
        Upright stems without leaves
        
        Earliest definite vascular land plants
        
        Gave way to these two groups
        
        Extinct
        
        Had equal dichotomous branching, meaning their branches were identical in appearance and performance
        
        Zosterophyllophytes
        
        Extinct
        
        Lacked Secondary Growth
        
        Small in Stature
        
        Laid the groundwork for tree trunks
    - - Extant
      - Assumed to be descendants of zosterophyllophytes
        
        Differences include
        
        The larger enations that allow the presence of lone, well developed vascular tissue traces
        
        Evolution of true roots
    - - Two Types
        
        Ferns
        
        Have clusters of sporangia on some leaves, called sori, where meiosis takes place
        
        First appeared in Devonian period, then greatly diversified
        
        Equisetophytes
        
        Known as Horsehairs
        
        Have a unique reproductive structure called the sporangiophore
- - - - Common form of asexual reproduction in angiosperms
      - An additional part of the plant takes root
        
        If the original roots are compromised, the new parts of the plant can sustain themselves
        
        These roots are called adventitious roots
        
        Shoots, amply called adventitious shoot buds, may form in roots and produce seemingly new plants
        
        Entire groves of willow trees have connected root systems due to this
  - - - Pedicel
        
        Flower Stalk
      - Receptacle
        
        Part where all other flower parts are connected
      - Four types of flower appendages
        
        Petals
        
        Resemble leaves, but brighter and thinner
        
        Sepals
        
        Protects the flower until maturity
        
        Carpels
        
        Produces the egg cells
        
        Stamens
        
        Contains the anthers, which produce the sperm
    - - Involves plasmogamy and karyogamy
        
        Plasmogamy is the fusion of the gametes' protoplasts
        
        Karyogamy is the fusion of the nuclei
      - Embryo develops into a zygote
        
        When the zygote eventually grows into a seed, it is encased by the ovaries, now a fruit