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affect-cognition - Coggle Diagram
affect-cognition
affect and fundamental cognitive processes
judgement and decision-making
somatic marker hypothesis (Damasio, 1994)
somatic states, generated by
secondary inducers
primary inducers
as if body loops
somatic states are simulated in the brain - without actual physiological signals from the body
vmPFC
emotional situations involving thought and reflection
multiple connections between vmPFC and amygdala, modulating activity of each other
vmPFC plays a role in emotion-regulation strategies - modulating amygdala activity
damage to vmPFC leads to sever decision-making problems - people are not able to learn from mistakes
Iowa gambling task
methodological issues
mood
attraction to other persons depends on mood states elicited by that person
current affective state has a huge influence on
evaluation of others
evaluation of oneself
affect as information
how do I feel?
affective feedback guiding information processing, judgement, decision-making
only when mood state is seen as relevant
memory
are emotional events better remembered that neutral events?
autobiographical memory - flashbulb memory
laboratory studies
weapons-effect
affect can narrow attention
enhance accuracy for memory in central aspects of a scene but impair memory in peripheral aspects
factors? - distinctiveness of negative events? cannot alone account for effect
remember / know paradigm
affective quality of a stimulus can enhance the feeling of remembering- enhanced activity in amygdala
amygdala for negative stimuli
parahippocampal gyrus activity for neutral stimuli
salient, but not necessarily more accurate than neutral events
affective memories - arousal or valence?
effects at encoding and consolidation (less research on effects at retrieval)
consolidation
retrieval
encoding
amygdala activity during encoding correlated with subsequent memory for events
associative network model
semantic priming effect
explain mood congruent effects - certain information may be more readily available when items / mood / stimuli activating a certain associative network are activated
affect infusion model
infusion of affect more likely when situation demands constructive and elaborate information processing strategies as opposed to simple shortcuts / heuristics
mood
mood dependent memory effects
consistency between mood at encoding and mood at retrieval
mood congruent memory effects
studies
factors
congruency between mood and material to be encoded
different effect for different mood states? intensity of the mood?
positive and negative moods associated with different information-processing strategies?
positive - assimilation
negative - accommodation
interpretation
attention
selective attention influenced by affective significance
what constitutes affective significance?
attention-perception / perception-attention?
behavioural studies
visual search tasks -how quickly are people to detect a class of stimuli?
people are faster to detect angry faces compared to happy faces - 'threat-superiority-effect' (Hansen & Hansen, 1988)
confounded by features of the faces?
schematic face stimuli
faster detection of angry faces (compared to neutral faces) than of friendly faces (compared to neutral)
serial search for facial expressions - faster shifts in attention,more efficiently for angry faces
sad faces did not elect faster RT's - threat value instead of valence driving the effect
threat-superiority effects with other type of stimuli
negative - positive stimuli
inference tasks
Stroop task
emotional Stroop task - longer RT to name color of war for negative adjectives
does affective significance of a stimulus result In enhanced perception?
orientation discrimination task using Gabor stimuli - threshold was for discrimination was higher after presentation of fearful face (threat stimulus) compared to neutral face
effect on covert attention?
effect stronger for fearful faces compared to neutral
focused attention (one face vs four at a time) increased contrast sensitivity
increased attention
brain-imaging studies
neural representation of negative stimuli is enhanced relative to neutral stimuli
how are neural representations of negative stimuli boosted?
two neural mechanisms
amygdala modulating cortical response to threatening stimuli
increased cortical sensory area activity correlates to increased amygdala activity
lesion studies: enhanced FFA activity in response to fearful/threatening faces not in patients with amygdala lesions
patients with neglect caused by damage to parietal region: more likely to notice faces with emotional expressions (compared to neutral faces) in the neglected field
affective stimuli directly activate parietal and frontal regions involved with attentional control and projecting to sensory areas
impact of spatial attention on cortical activity
EEG studies
P100 component and early differentiation of positive and negative stimuli
P100 amplitudes were larger for negative stimuli compared to positive
rapid allocation of spatial attention towards where negative stimuli are presented
perception
early vs late selection debate
affect might modulate perception indirectly by modulating attentional processes
early accounts
Enlightement
affect
conation
cognition
Kant
practical reason
judgement
pure reason
structuralism (Wundt, Titchener)
tripartite division of faculties which together constitute unitary experience
the 'new look' in perception (1940-1950s)
affect-cognition relations
interaction of affect and cognition
affect as integral part of cognition
affective processes can modulate cognition in a number of domains
Zajonc-Lazarus debate
cognition (appraisal) precedes affect - Lazarus
cognitive appraisal determine affective reactions
false dichotomy between cognition and affect?
affect-cognition independently? - Zajonc
mere exposure effect
cognitive models of affect
appraisal models
fast automatic detection of relevance in the amygdala (Sander et al., 2003)
the special role of the amygdala
crucial for the enhancement of affectively relevant stimuli
receives multiple sensory inputs from every modality
sends projections to many cortical and subcortical regions
information-processing approaches