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10.2 Functional Group - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Conditions→Nickel Catalyst and 150 degrees
    - - Halogenation with Fluorine→produces less effective product of Carbon and Hydrogen Fluoride
      - Reaction with Bromine→decolorizes the bromine solution→acting as a indicating test for unsaturated compounds
        
        Bromine+Ethene→electrophilic reaction
        
        Electrophilic Addition reaction is a Lewis acid-base reaction where: electrophile→Lewis Base and nucleophile→Lewis Acid
        
        The high electron density in the C=C double bond→results in a induced dipole-dipole interaction between the halogen→heterolytic bond fission→one bromine becomes slightly positive and other negative slightly negative
        
        Electrophile→electron deficient species that accepts a pair of electrons from a nucleophiles
      - Halogenation of Unsymmetrical Alkenes
        
        Carbocation Stability→ (Carbon-cation is a +ve charges Carbon ion) build up of charge in one place leads to instability
        
        Alkyl groups→have a tendency to repel the electrons as they are electron releasing
- - - - low reactivity, as they do not have free bonds: they have already made all the bonds they can possibly make.
  - - - Branched Isomers have a lower boiling point than straight chain→fatter molecules are hard to fit next to one another→results in lower Van deer Waals' forces
  - - - Reacts with Oxygen to produce Carbon dioxide and Water, as well as energy so it an exothermic reaction
      - Could be complete and incomplete
        
        Complete→reacts with excess Oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water→Blue Flame
        
        Incomplete→reacts with limited oxygen and produces Carbon monoxide and Water or carbon and Water→Yellow Flame
    - - Reaction with Fluorine is explosive in dark and cold condition producing Carbon and Hydrogen Fluoride
      - Reaction with Iodine→no reaction at Lab Conditions
      - Reaction with Chlorine and Bromine→no reaction in the dark→In presence of flame the reaction is like the one with Fluorine→Happens in presence of Ultra-violet Light →Making it a Photochemical Reaction→Substitution reaction, as all the hydrogen bonding with Carbon are replaces by he Halogen (Chlorine of Bromine)
        
        When Chlorine reacts with larger Alkanes→isomers of the same product form→product mixture contains different isomers
        
        Why not this reaction in the Lab?→Hard to separate the organic product and the other products from the organic mixture.
        
        Products are a organic compound+hydrogen halide
        
        Reaction of Cycloalkanes
        
        Same as most alkanes except the small ones as they are way more reactive→when reacting with cycloalkanes the break the ring→makes it a straight chain molecule→increasing the bond angles→stabilizing the structure of the cycloalkanes
    - - Radical→highly reactive species with unpaired electron
      - Bond Fission
        
        Homolytic Fission
        
        the covalent bond between two atoms break and each atom gets one electron→formation of a free radical because has only one electron
        
        Heterolytic Fission
        
        The covalent bond between two atoms break and one atoms due to its electronegativity takes in both the electrons of the covalent bond→ions are formed
      - Any reactions happens because molecules collide→right conditions→right collisions
        
        Productive Collisions→a free radical collides with other molecules that result in the formation of another free radical
        
        Unproductive Collisions→result in the removal of free radical from the system of reactions
      - Chain Initiation Reaction→UV light breaks the halogen molecule→formation of free radicals
        
        Chain Propagation Reaction→keeps the reaction running→reactions that form a radical after using one→keeps the radical in the reaction system
        
        Chain Termination Reaction→reaction which removes a free radical from the reaction system→inhibits the reaction from carrying on further