History-The study of the past
Cause of the Industrial Revolution
Historical Concepts
Perspectives: A person's perspective is their point of view.
-The position from which they see and understand events going on in the world around them.
Continuity and Change:
-Continuity: Aspects of the past that stays the same. Example: Barber Pole.
-Change: Aspects of the past that do not stay the same. Example: Fashion.
Cause and Effect:
-Cause: Reasons. Example: Battle start by shooting gun.
-Effect: Outcomes.
Secondary Sources: Accounts about the past that were created after the time being investigated and which often use or refer to primary sources and present a particular interpretation.
Primary Sources: Objects created or written at the time being investigated.
Evidence: Information gathered from historical sources. Example: Fossils.
Empathy: Is the ability 'to walk in someone else's shoes'.
Significance: The importance assigned to aspects of the past. Example: People.
Contestability: Explanations or interpretations of past events that are open to debate.
Britain's coal supply:
-large supplies
-vital fuel for steam power
-no other European power had this
Individual freedom and the capitalist spirit:
-Greater measure of individual and intellectual freedom in Britain.
-These freedoms provide fertile ground for people who try new methods and take risks.
-Other European, government restrictions and less individual freedom limited opportunity.
Source Skills
Rise of the British Empire:
-Establishment of the earliest colonies in the 1600s.
-Series of wars fought between the European powers in the 18th century, becoming a dominant imperial power.
Stable government:
-Britain enjoyed a prolonged period without political or social conflict compared to others.
-This sense of stability and order encouraged the growth of business.
Naval power and trading power:
-Britain had always relied on skilled sailors, a strong navy and experienced fleets of merchant ships.
-Largest Merchant, East India company (EIC).
-EIC rivalled smaller European powers for wealth and influence.
Superior banking system and capital for investment:
-Increased trade meant that financial services in England, such as banking, investment and insurance.
-There was a ready supply of capital (money) available at very low rates of interest.
-Britain's banking sector was more advanced and modern.
-Expanded to support and protect that trade.
Living Conditions during
the Industrial Revolution
The feudal system was strict and one was either poor or noble.
From 1750,the middle class emerged.
Aristocracy- royals who were often landowners and lived off rental income.
Middle class- included factory owners, doctors, lawyers with generous incomes who were able to establish their homes on the outskirts of towns and cities.
Working class-lived closer to factories in slum areas with poor sanitation. Average life expectancy was 29 years. Crime was widespread. Birth rates were low but the population grew.
As urban areas grew, new technologies were applied in building even in workers housing. This allowed workers to live further away from their workplace.
Cities began to develop suburbs.
Trends:-Refer to source.Increasing or decreasing.
Message:-What is the source showing us? -Refer to source
Purpose: Why was the source made? -Refer to source
Perspective: -What position is it taking? -Refer to source
Techniques: -How is it getting the message across? -Refer to source
Usefulness: -Evaluate both sides. What does and doesn't the source do? -Refer to source.
M:Militarism- Naval arms race between Germany and Britain. Most European nations were stockpiling large numbers of weapons.
A:Europe was split into two armed camps. The Triple Alliance and The Triple Entente. The Triple Alliance was made out of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The Triple Entente was made out of Great Britain, France and Russia.
I:Most European nations were engaged in building their empires. Many tensions arose due to the attempt to expand these empires.
N:Most European nations had encouraged their populations to feel intense pride in their nation.
S:June 28th, 1914 Gavrillo Princip, a member of the terrorist group The Black Hand, assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne after the driver of his car took a wrong turn in Sarajeno, Bosnia.
WW1: 1914-1918
End of the war
Treaty of Versatility
An agreement between both sides to stop fighting:
-The treaty dealt with Germany, and was signed on the 28th June 1919.
-Created formal peace between Germany and the Triple Entente.
-Purpose was to punish Germany and weaken the army so they couldn't start a war.
Germany's terms
-Withdraw troops
-Surrender military
-Release prisoners of war
-Pay reparations (pay the costs of the war.
Armistice (cease fire)
-On 11th of September, 1918, Germany signed the Armistice to mark the end of 'the war to end all wars'
-The Armistice required the fighting to end that day, on the 11th hour, of the 11th day, of the 11th month.
-Ceasefire to last for 30 days and was made official in the treaty.
ANZAC: Australian and New Zealand Army Corps was formed in 1915.
Gallipoli Campaign:
-Britain assisted Russia against Turkey, to knock them out of the war.
-The Allies landed on April 25th 1915, but suffered heavy casualties.
-Allied troops and ANZACs attacked Suvia Bay in August.
-Allied troops were offered to evacuate on the 7th of December 1915.
Gallipoli symbolises Australia's war experience.
ANZAC Commemoration: ANZAC Day, 25th of April, was made a day of Commemoration in 1916.
Origins:
-The first time Australia had fought in a war as a nation.
-Australia became a nation on the shares of Gallipoli.
Forms of Commemoration: -Symbolises, traditions and events are used to commemorate:
-war cemeteries
-War memorials (The Australian War Memorial in Canberra).
-ANZAC Day dawn service- The last Post, 'For the Fallen' ( Main day of war commemoration).