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Digestive/Urinary System, Urine System, Digestive System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Muscular layer
        
        Serosa
  - - - produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
    - - Nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, and anus, protection against friction
      - Simple columnar in intestine for absorption and secretion
    - - Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymph node for nourishment and immunity
    - - Two thin layers of smooth muscles
    - - Areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessel
      - Many elastic fibers to retain shape
      - Submucosal plexus
        
        Autonomic nerve supply
        
        Glands and lymphatic tissue
      - Muscularis layer
        
        Two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation
        
        Muscle layer
        
        Inner circular layer
        
        squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter
        
        Outer longitudinal layer
        
        Shortens intestine
        
        Mouth, pharynx, superior esophagus, amd anal sphincter- voluntary muscle
        
        Also external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle
        
        Myenteric plexus
        
        nerves
        
        Serosa
        
        Outer covering of the GI tract
        
        Serous membrane
        
        Composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
        
        Produces serous fluid for lubrication
        
        attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity by forming folds called mesenteries
- - - - regulates blood pressure and kidney function
    - - red blood cell production
  - - - Filters about 200 liters of fluid daily(47gallons )
      - Major excretory organs
    - - Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
    - - Temporary storage reservoir for urine
    - - Transports urine from bladder to the external environment
    - - The structural and functional units of the kidneys
      - Each nephron consists of a glomerulus(capillaries) and renal tubule
      - Responsible for forming urine
- - - - taking in of nutrients into the body to be passed to blood or lymph
    - - removal of waste and undigested food from the body
    - - release of mucus, acid, bile, and enzymes to aid digestion
    - - physical(teeth) and chemical (enzymes) breakdown of food into nutrients
    - - mixing and movement of food by the muscles
    - - eating, taking in food into mouth
    - - Intestinal enzymes
        
        produced by brush-border cells further breakdown proteins and carbs into their monomers
      - Sucrease
        
        reduces sucrose (cane sugar) to glucose and fructose
      - Peptidases
        
        reduce peptides to amino acids
      - Maltase
        
        reduces maltose( malt sugar) to glucose
      - Intestinal lipase
        
        reduces fats into fatty acids and glycerol
      - Lactase
        
        reduces lactose ( milk sugar) to glucose and galactose
      - Small intestine fuctions
        
        Absorption
        
        Villi and Microvilli- increases surface area for absorption
        
        Lacteals- lymphatic capillaries; fat absorption into lymph
        
        of water and nutrients (90%)
        
        Mechanical digestion
        
        Chyme+ secretion from pancreas and liver + intestinal juice
        
        Mixes and break down chime( food+ gastric juices)
        
        Segmentation and peristalsis
        
        2.Chemical digestion
        
        intestinal glands secrete intestinal juices
        
        Small Intestine structure:
        
        Tube approx.. 7m (~ 22ft.) long, 2cm in diameter
        
        Fills most of the abdominal cavity; connects stomach(through the pyloric sphincter) to large intestine
        
        Large Intestine structure
        
        Separated from small intestine by ileocecal valve (sphincter)
        
        No villi present
        
        1.5m (5ft) long, wider diameter than sm. intest.
        
        3-10 hours
        
        Starts at ileocecal valve and ends at anus
        
        Slow movement( 3-12 contractions/mins)
        
        Large Intestine functions
        
        Bacteria ferment remaining carbs and releases H, CO2 and CH3 producing gas
        
        Goblet cells make mucus
        
        Absorptive cells absorbs water, electrolytes and vitamins
        
        Decompose the bilirubin in bile to gives feces their brown color
        
        Produce some B vitamins and vitamins K, needed for blood clotting
        
        Break down remaining proteins to amino acids
        
        Stomach structure:
        
        J shaped, muscular organ, about the size of a large sausage when empty, can hold about 1L+
        
        Thick mucus membrane
        
        3 parts:
        
        Cardia and the Fundus- enlarged opening next to esophagus(upper section); temporary storage
        
        Body
        
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        Pylorus(pyloric)
        
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        Stomach function:
        
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- - - - Dump filtrate into renal tubules
      - Filters about 200 L daily and only 1.5L leaves the body as urine
    - - Kidneys reclaim what the body needs
      - Almost all the filtrate(99%)
      - Water, salt, glucose and amino acids
    - - Fine-tuning the body's chemical balance
    - - Bowman's capsule(filtrate) Proximal
        
        convoluted tubule(filtrate) loop of Henle
        
        (filtrate) distal convoluted tubule (filtrate)
        
        collecting duct(urine) minor calyces(urine)
        
        major calyces(urine) ureter(urine)
        
        bladder(urine) urethra(urine)
        
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