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Verbs, Transitive Demands a direct object, someone/something to be acted…
Verbs
Linking
Links the subject to the noun or adjective. Not an action verb.
Linking verbs are generally stative
look, seem, tastes, feel, become, am/are/is, was/were, been, being, have/has/had been, will be, etc.
I
am
a boy.
You
look
happy today.
:check: You look at the window all day. :red_cross: 'look' here is an action verb
This
feels
strange.
:check: I feel the wind on my face. :red_cross:
Phrasal verb
A verb + particle/s
The particle often changes the meaning of the verb.
Notice the difference in meaning
Verb vs Phrasal verb
call vs call off
came vs came up with
look vs look over
make vs make up for
Different phrasal verbs using 'break'
break something down = divide into smaller parts break in = force entry to a building
break up end a relationship
break out in something = develop a skin condition
Finite verbs
A verb
form
that
changes in accordance with subject
show's tense & aspect
According to subject -
Robert
plays
. I
play
. They all
play
.
Do
you care?
Does
she care?
According to tense & aspect
Auxiliary
aka helping verbs
verbs that change or help the main verb
E.g., used with continuous and perfect aspects
am, are, been, was, were, do, did, have, has.
I
am
working. :check: I
have been
working. :check:
I
am
cold. :red_cross: Here "am" is a linking verb
Irregular vs.Regular
Regular
Take on regular spelling patterns from base form to simple past and past participle (add -ed)
base | past simple | past participle
pass, passed, passed
cook, cooked, cooked
jump, jumped, jumped
notice, noticed, noticed
Irregular
Do NOT take on regular spelling patterns from base form to simple past and past participle (add -ed)
base | past simple | past participle
take, took, taken
be, am/is, was/were
shut, shut, shut
drink, drank, drunk
write, write, written
Transitive
Demands a direct object, someone/something to be acted upon.
You're left asking, who? what?
My mother
took
me to church. :check: My mother took. :red_cross:
Please
bring
coffee.:check: Please bring. :red_cross:
Maya
sent
candy. :check: Maya sent.
:red_cross:
I'd like to
cut back on
candy. :check: I'd like to cut back on :red_cross:
Transitive or intransitive
Both
She
smiled.
She
smiled
a huge smile.
She
sang.
She
sang
a love song.
Sometimes there may be an indirect object before the direct obect
My mother gave me the book
me - IO, the book - DO
Bare infinitive
Infinitive without "to". / base form but used as verbal
after certain verbs like bid, let, make, see, hear, need, dare etc.
I
heard
him
sing
a lovely song.
:check:
I
heard
him
sang
a lovely song.
:red_cross:
I
heard
him
to sing
a lovely song.
:red_cross:
after modals: will, would, shall, should, may, might, can, could and must.
You
must obey
my instructions. :check: obeyed, to obey :red_cross:
after 'had better, would rather, sooner than and rather than.'
You
had better ask
his permission.
:check: asked, to ask : :red_cross:
Functions as a
noun
- Gerund
Non-finite verbs / VERBALS
A verb
form
that
DOESN'T change in accordance with subject. No direct relation to subject.
Doesn't show tense nor aspect on its own.
*ISN'T used as the action word in sentences.
A word formed from a verb but functioning as a different part of speech.
Participles
Past participle
ed/en/t/d/n
Used with auxiliary to form a verb in the
perfect tense.
I have
forgotten
my books.
| Present perfect
I had
fallen
to the floor when...| Past perfect
:red_cross:
I
ruined
my shirt. | Verb in past simple; this is not past participle
Functions as an
adjective
.
A
ruined
city ..
A
misspelled
word ..
The
drunken
man ..
The
lost
coin ...
The glass was
broken
when I found it
Infinitive form
A verb form that function as
adjectives, adverbs,
or
nouns.
to + base/root verb
The first attempt
to build the Panama Canal
ended in failure.
= adjectival infinitive
We nailed the windows
to prepare for the storm.
= adverbial infinitive
HINT: You can always identify an adverbial infinitive by inserting the test words "in order" in front of it.
We nailed the windows (in order to)
to prepare for the storm.
I refuse
to watch
it
= nominal infinitive
I think
fishing
is a lovely sport.
Jogging
3 miles a day is good for you.
The contractor was given a
building
.
His dream is
having
a big house.
Modal
A type of auxiliary verb that expresses abilities, possibilities, permissions, and obligations
can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should
I
should
've gone to the toilet earlier.
If I were uncomfortable I
would
speak up.
I
might
not be able to make it.
Intransitive
Doesn't demand an object to be acted on. /
Makes senses without object.
The dog
died
. :check: The dog died the floor.:red_cross:
The boy
went
. :check: The boy went the store.:red_cross:
Used with an auxiliary to form a verb in the
continious aspect
Present participle
-ing
Functions as an
adjective/adjectival phrase
The
rising
bread
smells delicious.
My ears hurt from the
deafening
noise
.
The
boiling
water
on the stove is hot.
The
boy
,
being
crazy enough, jumped out of the car.
Functions as an
adverb/adverbial phrase
The man
ate
standing
up.
She
fell down,
tumbling
all the way to the bottom.
I am
fishing
.
I have been
fishing
.
I was
fishing
.
I had been
fishing
.
I will be
fishing
.
I will have been
fishing
.
Action
dynamic verbs/non-stative verb
Express specific actions & used to indicate an action, process, or sensation as opposed to a state.
Stative vs. Non-stative/action
Stative
aka non-continuous (because they're often not used with the continuous tense)
I don't
know
the answer. NOT I'm not knowing the answer.
Express state rather than action.
senses and perceptions: appear, be, feel, hear, look, see, seem, smell, taste
feelings and emotions: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish
thoughts and opinions: agree, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, mean, recognise, remember, suspect, think, understand
Notice that some of these verbs could be action, linking, auxiliary.
Depends on how they're used.
The chef is tasting the soup.
Here 'tasting' is not stative, it's action. Where as
It
tastes
good.
is stative.
possession and measurement: belong, have, measure, own, possess, weigh.
Base/root form
A verb form that has not been conjugated and do not include prefixes or suffixes.
be :check: am, was, were, being, been :red_cross:
write :check: wrote, writing, written, rewrite, :red_cross:
feel :check: feeling, felt, unfeeling :red_cross:
shake :check: shook, shaking, shaken, unshaken :red_cross:
Note that these categories are not exclusive of each other.
