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The Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, Revolutions, Government's…
The Enlightenment
Terms
empiricism - knowledge from observation and experiments, rather than religious
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classical liberalism - reflected enlightenment ideas pushing back on traditional politics, society, and economics
classical conservatism - natural social order, belief in traditional monarchies and nobility, unapologetically elitist
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utopian socialism - ideal societies designed to maximize harmony - shared ownership, positive workplaces, equal rights
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Key Philosophers
Thomas Hobbes - social contract, Leviathan, trading liberty for safety
John Locke - natural rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of property), right to overthrow government if rights are not protected
Baron Montesquieu - checks and balances, different branches of government
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Rousseau - expanded social contract, will of the people
Adam Smith - laissez-faire economics, free market, capitalism
Thomas Paine - advocated for US freedom from Britain, anti-church
Reason and Individualism
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new political ideas: people, natural rights, function of government
people are born with a blank slate, everyone is born equal and the son of king does not have a divine right to rule (Locke)
John Locke: life, liberty, and property are core rights that a government cannot take away without due cause from everyone
philosophers stated a social contract involves people giving up some rights in exchange for living in a community under a shared authority or government
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Religion, New Ideas, and the Enlightenment
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Industrial Revolution
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The Factory System
before - people grew their own food, lived outside the city, and families often interacted with each other throughout the day
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workers relied on the factory system for finished products since they no longer possessed the skills necessary to produce a finished good
Production Increases, But Not Everywhere
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Middle Eastern and Asian countries did continue to produce goods, but they did not produce nearly as much as industrialized countries
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innovations in technology (energy from fossil fuels) shifts economic global dominance from East Asia to Europe
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New Technologies
steam engine and internal combustion engine were most significant and transforming technological innovations
ability to harness power/energy from fossil fuels (coal and oil), powered boats and trains in 1800s
transportation is no longer dependent on weather, stronger ships were made to accompany longer, ,frequent journeys
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Revolutions
Haitian Revolution
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most places that experienced abolition did not provide the same economic freedom for the newly freed person
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American Revolution
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Declaration of Independence - Enlightenment ideals listed a series of grievances the colonists had with the British monarchy
established a constitutional government, leaving the idea of a monarchy behind
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French Revolution
seven years' war forced French monarchy to call the Estates General for the first time in a long time
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - guide French people towards natural rights, equality, and a representative government that derived authority from people
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Napoleon
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crowned himself as emperor, ending the French Revolution
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Puerto Rico and Cuba
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Lola Rodriguez de Tio, urged people of Puerto Rico and Cuba to overthrow the Spanish overlords
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