Happily married couple in their early 40s concerned about long -term effects of birth control pills and wants stop taking them.They are seeking advice on contraceptive strategies.

Downstream cause

Upstream cause

Background information

Anatomy

Physiology.

Female reproductive system

Male reproduction system

Female Reproduction system

Male reproduction system

  1. Uterus, nurturing the fertilized ovum that develops into the fetus and holding it till the baby is mature enough for birth
  1. Testes, Help in producing sperm and creating testosterone.
  1. Epididymis, it transport and store sperms

1.Scrotum,act as a climate control system for testes

  1. Vas deferens, propels sperms into the urethra during ejaculation.
  1. Fallopian tube/uterine tubes, transport ovary to the uterus after fertilization
  1. Vagina,serves as a conduit for menstrual flow from uterus.

4.Ovaries,Produce oocytes( eggs) and produce reproductive hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone.

  1. Uterus it is an inverted pear-shaped muscular organ located between the bladder and rectum
  1. Uterine tubes,it has fimbriae- finger like, ciliated projections which capture ovum from surface of ovary

!. Vagina, it is lined with non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium over a thin loose connective tissue layer

  1. Testes,they have ovular shape inorder to fit inside the srotum.
  1. Vas deferens, it is long muscular tube
  1. Scrotum, it is a loose pouch- like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis
  1. Ovaries,they are paired organs located on either side of the uterus within the broad ligament below uterine
  1. Epididymis,it is a narrow, tightly coiled tube connecting rear of testicles to deferent duct.

Best options

worst options

Educate them a bout their fertility awareness. As you age and heading menopause fertility rate decrease.

Explain to them and encourage use of emerrgency contraception.

  1. Look for different method of family planning such as encourage the husband to do vasectomy.

Encourage them to a void sex during fertility days by telling them how to calculate

Encourage them to obstain. At their age they are not as active as young teenagers so i will give them this suggestion.

If they fill like that they must have sex encourage them to practice withdrawal method. this is best because you dont need any type of chemical in your body.

Use of contraceptive ring. I will discourage it since their muscles especially the woman at that age are becong weak hence that ring might not go well, something that might trigger surgery for removal.

Use of depo- provera. This method to them might trigger other effects in the body such as increase in weioght which is not healthywise.

Events of uterine/ovarian cycles

  1. Ovulation,It is the discharge of ova/ovules from ovary

3.Luteal phase,it occurs after ovulation/ when ovaries release an egg and before periods starts. During this time, the lining of uterus gets thicker to prepare for possible pregnancy.

1.Follicular phase/proliferative, it is when the follicles mature

Major contraceptive methods

2.Permanent contraception, such as men undergoing vasectomy to a void them from pregnanting women, it will cause an infection and mild pain.

3.Use of Depo- provera, a type of an injection that prevent pregnancy more especially in women, it will cause nausea, hot flashes, weakness and headache..

  1. Use of Barrier method. This is use of condoms to prevent pregnancy
  1. Contraceptive implants, it is a small plastic that is placed under the skin . This might trigger hormonal changes and make most women to gain weight.