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Week 3: Chapter 2 Ecology of Socialization - Coggle Diagram
Week 3: Chapter 2 Ecology of Socialization
Socialization Process
Biological factors
Experience- Expectant: the neural connections which develop under genetic influence, independent of experience, activity, or stimulation.
Sociocultrual Factors
Experience-Dependent: the neural connections which develop in response to experience.
Aims of Socialization
Develop a self concept
self-concept: an individuals perception of his/her identity as distinct from others.
self esteem: the value one places on ones identiy
Psychosocial Influences on the development of self
Infancy: Trust Versus Mistrust (Birth to age 1): first task is to develop the cornerstone of a healthy personality - a basic sent of trust in themselves/of the people in their environment.
quality/consistency of care determines success.
when basic needs of nourishment/physical contact are met this sense of trust will develop.
neglect will lead to mistrust.
Early Childhood: Autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages 2 to 3): physical/cognitive maturation enables children to behave autonomously- to walk without help, feed themselves, get things off the shelf, assert themselves verbally.
if children are allowed to be self-sufficient according to ability, the outcome will be feeling of autonomy.
if deprived by being continually corrected/reprimanded, later they may feel shame when being assertive and self-doubt being independent.
Play age: initiative versus guilt (ages 3 to 5): children's increasing ability to communicate and imagine leads to initiate many activities. if allowed to create own games/fantasies/ask questions with supervision, then outcome will be feeling initiative.
if made to feel bad for trying new things or pests for asking questions they may carry a sense of guilt throughout life.
School age: industry versus inferiority (ages 6 to puberty): learning to accept instruction and to win recognition by showing effort by producing things, developing capacity to enjoy work.
outcome for children who do not receive recognition for efforts or who do not experience success, may be a feeling of incompetence of inferiority.
children who are praised for efforts will be motivated to achieve.
children ignored/rebuked may give up and exhibit helplessness.
adolescence: identity versus identity diffusion (puberty to age 18+): with rapid grown and sexual maturity, the person begins to question people, things, values, and attitudes previously relied on and to struggle through the crisis of earlier stages of life.
1) achievement: choices explored and commitment made
2) foreclosure: commitment made without exploring choices
3) moratorium: exploring choices in order to make commitments
4) searching moratorium: reevaluating choices and commitments and re-exploring choices)
5) diffusion: little choice exploration and no commitments made.
young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation (age 18 to middle adulthood): individuals who have succeeded in establishing an identity are now able to establish intimacy for themselves with others, both friendship and love.
danger is the fear of losing their identity in an intimate relationship with another may develop self isolation
adulthood: generativity versus self-absorption (middle to late adulthood); from the development of relationships comes generativity: an interest in establishing and guiding the next generation.
senescence: integrity verses despair (late adulthood to death): the individual who has achieved identity, has developed a satisfying intimacy with others has adapted to the joys/frustrations of guiding the next generation, reaches end of life with a certain ego integrity or positive self-esteem- and understanding acceptance of personal responsibility for one's own life.
those who have not achieved integrity, may produce despair or extremely negative self-esteem.
despairing individuals tend to be ill, abuse drugs/alcohol, or commit suicide. they may become burdens on families physically, financially, and psychologically.
enable self regulation
self regulation: the ability to control one's impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expressing them.
developmental task: a task which lies between an individual need and a societal demand.
Agents of socialization
Peers
Egocentrism: the cognitive inability to look at the world from any point of view other than one's own.
Mass Media
Mass Media: refers to the form of communication in which large audiences quickly receive a given message via an impersonal medium between the sender/receiver.
Community
Community: a group of people starting fellowship and common interests; a group of people living in the same geographic area who are bound together politically and economically.
social capital: term referring to individual and communal time/energy (human resources) available for such things as social networking, personal recreation, community involvement, civic engagement, and other activities which create social bonds between individuals and groups.
Affective methods of Socialization
Affective: having to do with feelings and emotions.
attachmenet: an affectional tie that one person forms to another person, binding them together in space and enduring over time.
Operant Methods of Socialization
Operant: producing effect.
Reinforcement
reinforcement: an object or event which is presented following a behavior and that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Positive reinforcement: a reward, or pleasant consequence, given for desired behavior.
negative reinforcement: the termination of an unpleasant condition following a desired response.
allowing children to come out of their rooms when they stop a temper tantrum or stopping a spanking when the child apologizes.
shaping: the systematic, immediate reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behavior until the desired behavior occurs and is maintained.
Extinction: the gradual disappearance of learned behavior following the removal of reinforcement.
ignoring the undesirable responses.
Punishment: physically or psychologically aversive stimuli or the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli when undesirable behavior occurs.
Feedback: evaluative information, both positive and negative, about one's behavior.
Learning by doing
self-efficacy: the belief that one can master a solution and produce positive outcomes.
Observational methods of socialization
Modeling: a form of imitative learning which occurs by observing another person (the model) perform a behavior and experience its consequence.
Cognitive methods of socialization
Standard: a level or grade of excellence regarded as a goal or a measure of adequacy
reasoning: giving explanations or causes for an act
sociocentrism: the ability to understand an relate to the views and perspectives of others
deductive: reasoning from a general principle to a specific case, or from a premise to a logical conclusion
I can't hit other children; therefore, I can't hit Kyle
transductive: reasoning from one particular fact or case to another similar fact or case.
Kyle has red hair and hits me: therefore all boys with red hair hit.
Inductive: reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to general conclusion
i can't hit Kyle; therefore, I can't hit any other children
authoritative: of parenting styles, democratic parenting in which authority is based on competence or expertise.
permissive: of parenting styles, child centered parenting characterized by lack of directives or authority.
authoritarian: of parenting styles, parent centered parenting characterized by unquestioning obedience to authority
Socioculture methods of socialization
Rituals and Routines
ritual: a ceremonial observation of a prescribed rule or custom
rites of passage: rituals that signify changes in individuals' status as they move through the cycle of life.
routines: repetitive acts or established procedures
symbols: acts or objects that have come to be generally accepted as standing for something else.
Apprenticeship Methods of socialization
apprenticeship: a process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks.
Outcomes of Socialization
Values: qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important
attitudes; tendencies to respond positively (favorably) or negatively (unfavorably) to certain persons, objects, or situations
motives and attributions
motives: needs or emotions that cause a person to act
attributions: explanations for one's performance on a task
mastery motivations: the inborn motive to explore, understand, and control one's environment
achievement motivation: the motivation to achieve master of challenging tasks.
self esteem: the value one places on one's identity
self regulation/behavior
behavior: what one does or how one acts in response to a stimulus
morals: an individuals evaluations of what is right/wrong
gender roles; the qualities that an individual understands to characterize males/females in his/her culture