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The Immune System, 24.1, 24.3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Inflammatory response : An innate body defense in vertebrates caused by a release of histamine and other chemicals alarm-signal that triggers increased blood flow, a local increase in white blood cells, and fluid leakage from the blood.
        
        Any damage to tissue , whether caused by insects or physical injury trigger this response.
        
        Main Function of inflammatory response is TO DISINFESCT AND CLEAN INJURED TISSUES.
        
        Chronic inflammation for abnormally longs periods can be harmful . Be common disorder , arthritis, heart disease , cancers.
        
        Mast cells : A type of white blood cell residing in connective tissue that releases histamine during inflammatory response and allergic reactions.
        
        Histamine : A chemical alarm signal released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable in inflammatory and allergic responses.
        
        At the injury site mast cells release histamine , which induces the neighboring blood capillaries to dilate and becomes leaky. Then passes out into the affected tissue. Clotting proteins presents in blood plasma pass into the interstitial fluid. substances from local clots help seal off the surrounding tissues and allowing healing to begin. Complete proteins activated by the bacteria , attract phagocytes to the area. The local increase in blood flow, fluid, and cells produces the redness, heat , and swelling characteristic of inflammation. Neutrophils in that area engulf bacteria and the remains of any body cells killed by them or by the physical injury. The remains are engulf and digested.
- - - - helps remove toxins and pathogens from the blood and the interstitial fluid and returns fluid and solutes from the interstitial fluid to the circulatory system
      - Consist of a branching network of vessels , lymph nodes : A n organ of the immune system located along a lymph vessel.
        
        Lymphatic vessels carry fluid called lymph : a colorless fluid ,derived from the interstitial fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system.
        
        Lymphatic system has 2 main functions :
        To return tissue fluid to the circulatory system 2 . To fight Infection
      - In circulatory function , fluid enters the lymphatic system by diffusing into-dead-end lymphatic capillaries that are intermingled among the blood capillaries.
        
        Then drains from the lymphatic capillaries into larger lymphatic vessels. Then fluid renters the circulatory system via two lymphatic vessels that fuse with veins in the chest. Lymphatic vessels depend mainly on the movement of the skeletal muscles to squeeze their fluid along.
      - In immune function, majorly fighting against infection where the organ of the lymphatic system becomes the battle ground. Lymph nodes fill with the huge numbers of defensive cells,. Lymphocytes are responsible for the adaptive immune response.
  - - - B cells : A type of lymphocyte that completes its development in the bone marrow and is responsible for the humoral immune response.
        
        T cells :A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus; T cells include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both the humoral and cell-mediated adaptive responses.
        
        B and T cells defend against infections in body fluids and cells.
        
        All antigen receptors on the surface of a single lym- phocyte are identical and recognize a particular antigen.
        
        Antigen receptors:an antibody protein that is not secreted but is anchored to the B-cell membrane. All antigen receptors found on a particular B cell are identical, but receptors located on other B cells differ.
        
        the humoral immune response, which defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids.
        
        he cell-mediated immune response, which defends against infections inside body cells.
        
        Defensive T cells destroy body cells infected with bacteria or viruses.
  - - - Most antigens are proteins or large polysaccharides that protrude from the surfaces of viruses or
        foreign cells.
        
        Other sources of antigens include blood cells or tissue cells from other individuals of the same or a different species
        
        A single kind of antigen may thus stimulate the immune system to activate several dis- tinct lymphocytes, ultimately leading to the production of several different antibodies.
        
        Antigen-binding site : the specific region on an antigen receptor/ antibody that recognises an epitope.
        
        he binding site and epitope have complementary shapes that fit together like a lock and key. An antigen usually has several different epitope
      - Epitope : small surface-exposed region of an antigen . such antigen receptors and b cells
- - - - her immunity can fail if > 5% of the population is unvaccinated.
      - without herd immunity, population remains susceptible to outbreaks of diseases that could otherwise be eradicated.
  - - - Antibody has 2 related functions in immune response : 1 . to recognise and bind a specific antigen . 2 . to assist in eliminating that antigen. both functions are facilitated by the antibody's molecular structure.
        
        each antibody molecule consists of 4polypeptide chains bonded together in y shape. The tips of y form an antigen-binding site.
        
        antigen-binding site where a region of molecule responsible for the antibody's recognition-and binging function.
        
        the stem of the antibody helps mediate the disposal of the bound antigen. Antigens differ from where they are found and hoe they work.
        
        Antibody mechanism involve 2 parts :A self-recognition and attached phase followed by a nonspecific destruction phase.
        
        antibodies of the adaptive humoral immune response, which identify and bind to invaders, must work with components of innate immunity
        
        the binding of antibodies to antigens can trigger several mecha- nisms that disable or destroy an invader
        
        Antigen-body complex boosts the function of phagocytes of the innate immune response in 2 ways: 1. neutralization, antibodies bind to surface proteins on a virus or bacterium, thereby blocking a pathogen’s ability to infect a host cell and presenting an easily recognized structure to macrophages. This increases the likelihood that the invader
        
        Agglutination (clumping together ) of viruses, bacteria, or foreign eukaryotic cells.
        
        the antigen-antibody complex promotes another innate immune response: the complement system.
        
        1 more item...
  - - - to determine the effectiveness of these vaccines, scientist have been conducting controlled studies , which is hard to do due to the divers of genes.
- - - - Helper T cell : type of t cell triggers the humeral and cell-mediated immune responses. they do not carry other response.
        
        without the function of the helper t cell, there is virtually no immune response.
    - - Must be a foreign molecule that canbund specifically to the antigen receptor of the T cel.
        
        2.antigen must be displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. macrophages and b cells .
  - - - Cytotoxic T cells recognize infected body cells through a self-nonself complex and then trigger the cells’ death.
        
        They can recognise by the infected cell attached fragments of the invading proteins on their surface. forming self-nonself complexes.
  - - - the transfer of the virus from person to person via body fluids such as semen, blood, or breast milk
      - AIDS( Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome)
      - HIV(Human Immunodeificency virus.)
    - - The most effective form of prevention is education.
  - - - The resistant virus may mutate during this waiting period, causing it to become susceptible to the drugs again.
  - - - lymphocytes with receptors that bind the body's own molecule are selectively destroyed/deactivated, leaving those the only react to foreign molecules.
        
        lymphocytes in our mature immune system do not attack our own cells/molecules.
        
        the immune system can distinguish the body's own cells form those of the people.
        
        MHC are the main self proteins.
  - - - Autoimmune disorder :when the immune system turns against some of the body's own molecules.
        
        ex. lupus , rheumatoid , crohn's disease
        
        both genetic and environmental factors influence susceptibility to autoimmune disorder.
- - - - air ways, cilia assist by sweeping trapped particles away from the lungs .
      - Pathogens that breached barriers are confronted by two types of innate immune cells :
        
        Natural Killer Cells : A cell type that provides innate immune response by attacking cancer cells and infected body cells . And release chemicals that cause the death to these cells.
        
        Phagocytes: 2 main types
        
        Neutrophils :the most abundant type of white blood cell, circulate in the blood and enter the tissues at the site of infection.
        
        2.Macrophages : large phagocytes that wander through the interstitial fluid "eating nay bacteria and viruses they encounter.
        They bear receptors that bind to fragments of foreign molecules shared by a broad range of pathogens. Ex. Bind to double-strand RNA , flagellin
  - - - Virus-infected body cells secrete interferon proteins , which induce nearby uninfected cells to produce substances that inhibit viral replication. Interferons limit the cell-to-cell spread viruses in the body .
      - Complement system : a group of about 30 different proteins that act together with other defense mechanisms. . They circulate in the blood in an inactive form are activated by substances on the surfaces of man microbes.
        
        How do phagocytes recognize pathogens? = phagocytes have surface receptors that recognize molecules that are common to groups of pathogens, such as the double-stranded RNA found in many viruses
- - - - composed of a harmless variant or disease-causing microbe, ex. Dead weak piece of virus
        The vaccine stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against this harmless antigen ,defenses that will also be effective against the actual pathogen because it has similar antigens.
- - - - Antigen : any molecule that elicits an adaptive immune response.
        
        when the immune system detects antigen , it responds with an increase in the number of cells that either attack the invader directly or produce antibodies.
        
        they can also be substances released into the extracellular fluid ex. Toxins by bacteria.
        
        they are non-self molecules that protrude from pathogens or other particles ex. Viruses, bacteria, or the cell surfaces of transplanted organs.